Community Health Nursing Essay

Identification of Community Nestled in Southern Indiana just west of Louisville, Kentucky and south of Indianapolis, Indiana is Dubois County, Indiana. Dubois County is comprised of the towns of Birdseye, Ferdinand, Holland, Huntingburg and Jasper. Of those towns, Jasper is the largest and is the county seat (Kelly School of Business, 2014). Over fifty-two percent of the population consists of adults ranging from 25-64 years of age (Kelly School of Business, 2014). The leading cause of mortality in this county is heart disease, cancer, suicide and injuries (Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). According to the 2011 health rankings of the county, Dubois County was higher in the benchmark of poor health, adult obesity, adult smoking, excessive drinking, motor vehicle crash death rate and teen birth rate than the national benchmarks (Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Industry overview consists of manufacturing, transportation/warehousing, health care, and finance/insurance with manufacturing providing the majority of the jobs at an average wage per job of $54,000 in 2010(Memorial Hospital And Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Obesity in the county grew to 28.9% in 2008 compared to 26.8% in 2006(Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Physical inactivity also increased in the two year span growing from 20.9% in 2006 to 24.5% in 2008(Memorial Hospital And Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Summary of Tools Population Economic Status Assessment The Population Economic Status Assessment of the county was utilized to obtain the population estimates, cultural diversity, income levels, poverty among children and unemployment rates. In 2013 the population estimates of 42, 361 were found in Dubois County (United States Census Bureau, 2014). Of  these, the cultural demographics of 98% were white and 6.4% were Hispanic or Latino (United States Census Bureau, 2014). In 2011, Dubois County provided only 0.6% of the births in Indiana and 0.7% of the deaths (Kelly School of Business, 2014). The median household income was $54,168 and 7.9% were below poverty level wen the span of 2008-2012 was studied (United States Census Bureau, 2014). The rate of poverty among children in Dubois County was under 10% in 2010(Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). A 7.5% unemployment rate in 2010 was seen as well as an increase in families receiving temporary assistance (Memorial Hospital and Health Care Ce nter & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Neighborhood/Community Safety Inventory Environmental safety hazards present in Dubois County range from air pollution, invasive animal species, climate, and resources. Air pollution is a byproduct of the manufacturing industry. The Particulate Matter measurement in 2010 was 27.2ug/m3 which contributes to the asthma and cancer rates in the community (Air Quality, 2012). Another environmental concern is the possible conversion of a coal-fired plant into an incinerator of biomass which also threatens to worsen the respiratory issues of the population (Healthy Dubois County, 2014). Invasive animal species of the county include the Emerald Ash Borer and Gypsy moth who could deforest the trees and shrubs thereby threatening our environment (Dubois County Soil and Water Conservation District, 2014). The climate is humid and the annual precipitation is spread throughout the year (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2014). The soil is flat and provides poor drainage thus placing the county at risk for flooding (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2014). Cultural Assessment Tool The primary cultural groups of Dubois County are whites with German ancestry and a growing Latino population. The numbers of females to males of both cultures is approximately 50:50(Dubois County, n.d.) Religious affiliations of the community include Catholics, Lutheran, Methodist and Mormon with Catholics being approximately 71% of the population (Onboard Informatics, 2013). Disaster Assessment & Planning Guide Dubois County’s disaster preparedness plans and resources are maintained by the county health department. The four major areas of focus include: acts of nature, such as floods and tornados; disease outbreaks, such as influenza and Hepatitis; accidents, including chemical spills; and terrorist acts (Dubois County Health Department, 2012). With such disasters the most vulnerable populations are the young and old, who are the most likely to be affected by a disaster. Public agencies such as the Red Cross, Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center, Dubois County Health Department are a few of the local agencies that can offer resources and aid to those individuals during times of crisis. Ethnicity issues related to disaster are language barriers of those who have recently traveled to the area. Windshield Survey The environment of Dubois County is a mix of urban and rural areas that are rich in history. In Jasper, IN there are eighteen parks located in this county seat of Dubois County. They are well maintained by the Parks and Recreation Department of the town. The homes in Jasper overall are well maintained and landscaping includes a mix of trees, shrubs and flowers. The home lot size ranges from small to large as you progress away from the downtown area. Older homes are more focused in the downtown area and newer homes are being developed in the outer areas of town. Not all of the homes have access to sidewalks or walking trails within walking distance. The Patoka River flows through the town and a recreational railway also passes through the town. Residents take advantage of the river front area with a river walk pathway that passes 2.1 miles along the river. The river walk and pavilion area along the river and parks provide common areas for families and fitness enthusiast. Other gathering places include a number of restaurants and bars in town. These restaurants are fast food, fast-casual and bar/grill type establishments. Transportation includes personal vehicles and public transportation. Schools include five primary education schools, one high school and one community college. There are over 50 dentists, 18 family practice, 5 pediatricians and 38 nursing homes/skilled/assisted living agencies in Jasper. The community business owners work hard to build up the town and county through such organizations as Dubois Strong and Greater Downtown Jasper Business Association. Dubois Strong’s focus is to support business growth through marketing to access to capital to help new  and existing business to thrive. Diversity can be seen in the growth of Hispanic churches/mass times, Hispanic food stores, and restaurants. Population Health Scavenger Hunt The Dubois County Health Department’s target population is the residents of Dubois County and to support the health of the county. The county website promotes the health department and the health department advertises in the local news media with regards to upcoming events and programs. The Jasper Chamber of Commerce promotes local businesses, new resident information, recreation activities, recycling programs, and more. The director of the chamber is also active in promoting the improvement and activities within the city through news media and working with various committees. Both the fire and police department are housed within the city center of Jasper and both provide programs for children in addition to keeping our city safe. The police department provides schools with the DARE program for drug prevention. The City of Jasper, through the service of various agencies, houses a community food bank, energy assistance program, foreclosure prevention services and health family promotion program for those who qualify. Description of Selected Community Dubois County is a community built with German ancestry that has diversified over the years to include a Hispanic/Latino population. Individuals within the population are proactive in keeping the community thriving in this ever changing environment. Growth of the various cultures can be seen in the development of Hispanic churches and food stores. Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of mortality in 2006-2008(Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Health disease prevention is provided through programs through the hospital and availably of outside activities found in the river walk and parks in the area. Interpretation of Data When comparing the number of births and deaths in Dubois County to Indiana as a whole, the numbers are even, in comparison. Yet in international migration, the county ranks 23 out of 92 counties (Kelly School of Business, 2014). In examination of the leading causes of death in the county, most young people die due to injury and older people die from either cancer or heart disease. Conclusions could be made from this data. A population who is primarily employed by manufacturing facilities could be the source of the accidents in the young and the environmental agents from these plants may cause death in the elderly after multiple years of exposure. Also, another causative factor to consider is the availability of fast food linked to the increased mortality from heart disease. Problems in the Selected Community When the leading causes of mortality in Dubois County with regards to the Healthy People 2020 goals are examined, the topics of Heart Disease and Stroke, Nutrition and Weight Status and Cancer appear to be the top three problems for this community. Heart disease and stroke are leading causes of mortality in America and therefore lend themselves to an increase in healthcare cost (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Prevention of these events can start with control of blood pressure, cholesterol, tobacco use, improved diet and increase in physical activity (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Controlling these risk factors is therefore one of the goals of Healthy People 2020 as they attempt to ameliorate the health of the nation through health promotion and prevention. Not only does improving one’s nutrition and weight decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke, but it will also aid in the prevention of other diseases including cancer. The Healthy People 2020 goal of Nutrition and Weight Status not only looks at an individual’s diet, but increasing household food security and eliminating hunger (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). With the accessibility of fast food, increased physical inactivity and environmental safety concerns over the past few years, these goals for health promotion and prevention are applicable to this community. The resources in the community along with the community’s desire to care for its members should help this community thrive. Problem in Relation to Goals Healthy People 2020 are science based goals for â€Å"improving the health of all Americans† (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). It â€Å"established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to encourage collaboration across communities and sectors, empower individuals toward making informed health decisions, and measure the impact of prevention activities† over a ten year period( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Through the identification of a community’s health needs, a community can determine the health priorities and opportunities for improvement† (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). This process helps the community to live â€Å"longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death† (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Therefore looking at the Dubois County community’s health concerns for heart disease and stroke, the goal of nutrition and weight status is a great starting point for improving the health of the community. As the individual lives of the community members improve so will the county. A healthy community is a thriving community. Poor nutrition has been linked to heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. Not only is nutrition an individual’s choice, but resources must be accessible for proper nutrition and exercise. Fresh produce through Farmer’s Markets, health promotion through work, and accessible healthy activities for the public are a few solutions to support the community as they strive to ameliorate their lives. Availability of Community Resources A variety of organizations throughout the community provide services to improve the nutrition and health of those it serves. The Greater Downtown Business Association hosts a Farmer’s Market every Saturday morning from May through October. Not only does this provide locally grown produce to the community, but it also offers a positive social gathering for families and those interested in improving their nutrition. Many of the local churches and organizations offer 5K run/walk opportunities throughout the county as well. Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center offers fitness and nutrition classes for the community as part of their mission to ‘Be for others.’ Primary Prevention Topic My primary prevention topic is the prevention of overweight and obesity by means of healthy nutrition and physical activity. Amelioration of health will reduce the disease risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer in our community. A successful community starts with healthy individuals. Use of Questions The largest contributor to morbidity and mortality in Dubois County is poor nutrition either through lack of education or resources. The businesses and organizations are trying to improve the nutrition/physical fitness of the community by offering classes, walk/runs and other means of health promotions through media promotion. The local physicians have discussed services on local radio programs, through seminars at the hospital and in articles in the local papers. There is also a community food bank and farmer’s market. The most recent controversial community health concern published by the news media is that of the proposed biomass plant to be initiated in the old power plant location. There has been community involvement by community leaders and individuals to keep this from happening due to the concern of air quality. As it stands, the company that was going to initiate the transition to biomass has recently revoked their commitment to the project. Most people in the community are concerned about staying healthy for a better quality of life, but they may just not realize all the free or low cost resources available to them. Local news media advertise the hospital programs available and promote the local fitness activities available. Education needs to remain a constant to inform the community of the opportunities available to them. As mentioned previously, most of the emergency room visits are due to injuries/accidents, but cardiology issues is the top hospital inpatient discharge diagnosis (Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011). Therefore focus on prevention and treatment of heart disease is of paramount importance. Focusing on prevention will improve the longevity of this community. Quality of life in the community is reduced by the prevalence of multiple factories in the area. As previously mentioned, the air quality has impacted the community’s rate of asthma and cancer. Im proving quality of life needs to include improving air quality. References 2011 Dubois County Health Needs Assessment (Memorial Hospital and Health Care Center & Dubois County Health Department, 2011) Retrieved from www.duboiscountyin.org/stories/2011dchealthassess.pdf Air Quality. (2012). Indiana County of Dubois Government Website. Retrieved from www.duboiscountyin.org City Data: Dubois County, Indiana. (Onboard Informatics, 2013). Retrieved April 22, 2014 from www.city-data.com/county/Dubois_County-IN.html Dubois County. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 22, 2014 from http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/DuboisCounty,Indiana Dubois County Health Department (2012). Indiana County of Dubois Government Website. Retrieved from www.duboiscountyin.org Dubois County Indiana Profile (Kelly School of Business, 2014). Retrieved from www.stats.indiana.edu Flood Insurance Study: Dubois County, Indiana and Incorporated Areas (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2014). Retrieved from in.gov Healthy Dubois County (Healthy Dubois County, 2014). Retrieved from www.healthyduboiscounty.org Invasive Animal Species Information (Dubois County Soil and Water Conservation District, 2014). Retrieved from www.duboisswcd.org State & County Quick Facts: Dubois County, Indiana (United States Census Bureau, 2014). Retrieved from www.quickfacts.census.gov. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). About Healthy People. HealthyPeople.gov. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Nutrition and Weight Status. HealthyPeople.gov. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=29 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Heart Disease and Stroke. HealthyPeople.gov. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=21

Students Life

At school there is a range of academic pressure we feel, derived from a need for refection, worry over grades, parental pressure, competition, sports, or a tough class load. Academic pressure does not begin In college. The nervous breakdowns, panic attacks, burnouts, and depression are also apparent In many younger students. The same situation is not always stressful for all people, and all people do not undergo the same feelings or off-putting thoughts when stressed.Having a strong support network to fall back on when times get tough at school is critical to staying upbeat and maintaining a big picture perspective. Friends can be the best people to relieve your stress, but they can also be the reason behind the tress. Choose the friends that will be positive and supportive when the going gets tough. Having a good group of friends at help you maintain a healthy and enjoyable lifestyle. External Factors Managing Pressure Academic Pressure & Cheating Friends & Competition External forc es also create academic pressure.Many of us fail in the subject of time management and excel at procrastination. The cure requires dedication and commitment. Web, set a timer for 30 minutes. Time allocation helps divide the hours to reasonable amounts so you are not left at the 1 lath hour to complete homework. Some students Just want to take the easy way out and cheat. They may have Jobs after school to support their family or themselves, which carries a higher priority for them than school work. In the same context, many students feel that excelling in sports is a higher priority than school.Others may resort to cheating to make up for their lack of academic motivation or live up to the standards set up by older siblings or parents. Back to top There are many healthy ways to deal with academic pressure. If you don't feel motivated about a subject, arrange a study group. Reward yourself after completing very section. Other ideas include: Finish your work at a nearby cafe © or lib rary if the environment at home is not the best. If you play sports or work, take time to plan your hours to include more study time as well.If you know you have a big game coming up where you will be out for long practices, work ahead. Ask your teachers for assignments for the days you wont have sufficient study time. Make sure you maintain good sleeping and eating habits and, from time to time, go out for a run, a ride on your bike, and exercise. These will help alleviate your stress and get your body moving! Up in the morning' and out to school The teacher is teaching' the Golden Rule American history and practical math You studying' hard and hoping' to pass Working' your fingers right down to the bone – Chuck Berry, School Days Ring!Ring! That lethal sound can only mean one thing; it is September and school is back in session, and along with it are the wandering eyes, cheat sheets, stolen tests, and technology, of course. Cheating has become the method of survival, the on ly way to reach and maintain the top for many†¦ But there are better routes to reach number one while keeping your integrity intact. Cheating does not make you a smarter or better person. If you set reachable goals, study hard, and get outside help, you can succeed academically without cheating. Activities and fall back on cheating when time runs out. People also resort to cheating when they have been pressured too much by their parents, or even by themselves. Finally, if you are ever caught cheating, the teacher who catches you will tell the rest of your teachers, and their trust in you and your college recommendation letters go out the window. When Friendly Competition Goes Too Far I can speak from experience when it comes to that less-than-helpful sort of imputation between my friends and me that, often times, has been the cause of much of my academic stress.For myself, I didn't want to let my parents or myself down by failing, but I also didn't want to fall below the standa rds of my friends. And when your friends are all in the running for being the class valedictorian, it's hard! But it's important to set your own goals and take on your own responsibility. It's good to be proud of other's accomplishments, but it's important to be proud of your own hard work as well. So every once in a while, make sure to give yourself a pat on the back!

British Monarchy

1. British Monarchy: the function of the queen in modern society, the royal privileges and maps, the royal household, the chief beginnings of income, chief ceremonies connected with royalty, royal abodes, the perceptual experience of monarchy in society The Monarchy is called the dignified portion of the Fundamental lawas opposed to the efficient portion # 8211 ; the executive ( the Government ) . Under the British Constitution the Monarch remains the caput of province which efficaciously means that British people are non citizens but Her Majesty # 8217 ; s topics. The Royal Prerogatives # 8211 ; an action of the Government that gets its legitimacy from the Crown ( there are certain actions that the Government performs, they are finally approved by the Queen. ) It is a fiction because the Queen is advised on most of her actions by her Government. 1: to name the PM at the terminal of the election ( usually the leader of the party that has the bulk in the HC ) 2: to cite, prorogue ( # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; ) and fade out the Parliament. 3: enact statute law ( # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; ) ; to give her Royal Assent to measures when they # 8217 ; ve been passed by both Houses. 4: declares war / makes peace 5: recognizes foreign provinces and authoritiess 6: concludes pacts 7: extensions / cedes districts 8: caput of judiciary = all the tribunals of the land are the Queen # 8217 ; s Courts # 8211 ; all the tests carried out in the Queen # 8217 ; s name ( Regina vs. Jones ) 9: Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces 10: temporal governor of the Church of England 11: makes formal assignments to the most of import offices of the province in the Armed Forces and churches 12: confers baronages, knighthoods and other honours 13: formal blessing to determinations of the Government is given at the meetings of the Privy Council 14: the Queen of 16 former settlements, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, represented by the governor. The Head of the Commonwealth ( 16 + some more other states ) Constitutional function of the Queen ( sovereign ) was foremost explicitly formulated by the 19 cent author and journalist Walter Bagehot ( the English Constitution 1867 ) . Celebrated ternary expression: the Queen has the right to be consulted, the right to promote and the right to warn. Every twenty-four hours surveies cabinet documents, foreign office paperss, receives a study of the parliamentary proceedings, on a regular basis sees the PM in audience, in changeless touch with foreign embassadors and the Commonwealth representatives. Important symbolic function: the integrity of the state, historical traditions and continuity. Defender of the Faith # 8211 ; merely Anglicans can win to the throne. Religious caput of province, the archbishop of Canterbury crowns the sovereign. 2 archbishops ( Canterbury and York ) and 24 bishops, deans of Cathedrals ( appointed by the Queen, advised by the PM ) . The Queen has ecclesiastic family # 8211 ; the College of Chaplains, the Chaplains and organists of the Chapels Royal at the Tower of London, St. James Palace and Hampton Court. The Royal Peculiars # 8211 ; non subjects to the legal power of archbishops, they are monarch # 8217 ; s. A figure of particular royal occasions, taking topographic point on a regular basis each twelvemonth: the province gap of the Parliament # 8211 ; October, November ( unless there has been general election ) . The Queen drives in a province passenger car from Buckingham castle to the castle of Westminster ( HL ) , reads her address from the throne, wears a Crown, address prepared by the governor. The Remembrance twenty-four hours # 8211 ; in November, service in the White Hall for the dead of the 2WW, lays a garland at the Cenotaph. June # 8211 ; goes to the Derby at Epsom, subsequently in June at Windsor for the Royal Ascot. Second Saturday of June # 8211 ; official birthday. The Trooping of he Colour, Horse Guards Parade, birth honours are given. In summer 3 garden parties are given in the evidences of Buckingham palace # 8211 ; all people # 8211 ; each attended by ~ 8,000 people of different walks of life ; tea, bars, brass set. The royal family # 8211 ; 350 courtiers, Private Secretary, ladies-in-waiting, the Mistress of the Robes, Ladies ( Gentlemen ) of the Bedchamber. The Finance. More than # 190 ; of the Queen # 8217 ; s disbursals is met by relevant authorities debts. # 163 ; 15,3mln # 8211 ; castles ( 3 functionary abodes # 8211 ; Buckingham castle in London, Holyrood castle in Edinburgh, Windsor palace ) . The Civil List # 8211 ; money provided by the Government and frequently by the Parliament, on a 10-year footing for the running of the Queen # 8217 ; s family. 2001-2011 # 8211 ; # 163 ; 7,9mln. Besides the Queen receives an income # 8211 ; the Duchy of Lancaster ( the Crown estate gt ; 19,000 hectares ) # 8211 ; one-year income # 163 ; 7,3mln before revenue enhancement. The Duke of Edinburgh ( hubby ) , kids ( Princess Royal Ann, Prince Andrew, Edward ) # 8211 ; receive rentes, but the Queen refunds all except the hubby, he # 8217 ; s the lone who receives purely. The Queen pays for her kids, they live at her disbursal. Prince Charles # 8211 ; the Heir to the Throne ; Duchy of Cornwall # 8211 ; income, in 2003 ~ # 163 ; 10mln ~ # 188 ; income revenue enhancement. The Queen offered to pay revenue enhancement on voluntary footing # 8211 ; decides how much to pay, on her private income, e.g. on portion of the Civil List used for private intents ( e.g. feast for friends ) . Others pay income revenue enhancement on regular footing like ordinary citizens. The Civil List is administrated by the alleged Keeper of the Privy Purse. Private Royal abodes. Sandringham ( East Anglia ) , Balmoral ( Scotland ) , Clarence House ( Queen Mother resided ) , St. James # 8217 ; s Palace ( Prince Charles, the minor royals ) , Kensington Palace ( Diana ) . Grace and favour flats, free of charge. The Royal Family. The Queen # 8217 ; s conserve # 8211 ; Philip the Duke of Edinburgh ( 1921 ) # 8211 ; celebrated for his epigrams. Princess Royal Ann, girl. The Prince of Wales ( 1948 ) , Heir to the Throne # 8211 ; Heir Apparent. Prince William ( 21 now ) # 8211 ; Heir Presumptive, Prince Henry ( 1984 ) . Prince Andrew ( 1960 ) # 8211 ; the Duke of York, Prince Edward ( 1964 ) # 8211 ; the Earl of Wessex. The perceptual experience of monarchy in society # 8211 ; it has its symbolic function, integrity, continuity, but immature people are far from it, the general attitude # 8211 ; non interested, attracts tourers. 2. The national symbols of Britain and its component parts ( the National flag, anthem, the national emblems, the Royal Beasts ) . The system of rubrics and honours The National Flag # 8211 ; the Union Jack. Combination of three crosses # 8211 ; St. George # 8217 ; s traverse # 8211 ; England, ruddy cross on a white land ; the cross of St. Andrew for Scotland # 8211 ; white diagonal cross on a bluish land ; the cross of St. Patrick for Ireland # 8211 ; ruddy diagonal on a white land. First introduced in 1606, had 2 crosses, brotherhood of England and Scotland ( James I ) , 1801 # 8211 ; St. Patrick added. National Emblems. Rise for England, thistle for Scotland, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ( leek ) for Wales, white clover ( wild oxalis, ruddy manus ) for Ireland. Crown, sceptre, blade of province, eyeball. Monogram ER # 8211 ; Elizabeth Royal. In the Centre of the emblem is situated a heraldic shield, divided into 4 parts. Left upper portion A ; right lower portion typify England ( 3 gold leopards on a ruddy land ) . Right upper portion # 8211 ; Scots emblem ( a ruddy king of beasts on a gold land ) . Left lower portion # 8211 ; Irish emblem ( xanthous harp on a bluish land ) . Around the shield # 8211 ; supporter. The shield is held by two Royal Beasts the Lion with the Crown in the left, the Unicorn in the right. Under them a bluish thread with words # 8220 ; Dieu et Monday droit # 8221 ; ( God A ; my right ) # 8211 ; Richard I. In the background # 8211 ; rose ( England ) , thistle ( Scotland ) , medic ( Ireland ) , leek ( Wales ) . The National Anthem # 8211 ; God Save the Queen ( King ) . Adopted after the War with Napoleon. The Royal Animals. The Lion of England, the Unicorn of Scotland, the Red Dragon of Wales, the Grey Hound of Richmond, the White Horse of Hanover, the Griffin of Edward III, the Falcon of the Plantagenet lines. The system of rubrics and honours. Twice a twelvemonth ( at the New Year and on the Queen # 8217 ; s official birthday # 8211 ; the Queen # 8217 ; s birthday honours ) # 8211 ; solemn ceremonial. 3000 honours are given yearly # 8211 ; the bulk the Order of the British Empire, most on PM # 8217 ; s advice, a few in the Queen # 8217 ; s personal gift. The Order of the Garter ( since Edward III 14th cent. ) # 8211 ; 24 people at one time, the Queen is a crowned head of the Order of the Garter, bluish thread, Prince Charles, + foreign, e.g. the King of Spain. The Order of the Thistle # 8211 ; 16 knights, green thread. The Order of Merit ( 1902 ) # 8211 ; 24 people. Royal Victorian Order ( 1896 ) # 8211 ; who have straight served the Royal Family. The Order of the Bath ( 1725 ) # 8211 ; ceremonial ablutions, red thread. The Order of the British Empire: 5 grades # 8211 ; member of the British Empire ( MBE ) , officer ( OBE ) , commanding officer ( CBE ) , knight commanding officer ( KBE ) or dame commanding officer ( DBE ) , knight/dame expansive cross ( GBE ) . Lists are made by members of the populace. Remain common mans, no particular privileges, rubrics are non familial. Highest honor # 8211 ; baronage, historically familial, and since 1959 life baronage. The 5 classs # 8211 ; Duke / Duchess ( Your Grace ) , Marquis / Marchioness ( My Lord ) , Earl / Countess ( # 8220 ; ) , Viscount / Viscountess, Baron / Baroness. Connected with individual # 8217 ; s business. On formal frocks # 8211 ; strawberry leaves, a coronet consisting of 8 strawberry foliages, 4 Ag falls and 4 strawberry foliages for a Marquis. Peers can disclaim their rubric, to acquire the right to sit in the HC # 8211 ; the rubric falls into suspension, means title delaies until this individual dies and his boy accepts it. The older boies of equals have courtesy rubric, one grade lower than their male parents # 8217 ; . Duke can strip his boy heritage, but no right to strip of the rubric. Elections in Britain Members of the House of Commons ( MPs ) are elected by electors of 651 parliamentary constituencies, into which Britain is divided, each with electorate of about 60,000 electors. Each individual over 18 has the right to vote, except captives, Godheads and the mentally sick. The vote is taken by a secret ballot. Each constituency is represented by one MP. The victor is the campaigner who gets more ballots than any other individual campaigner. The leader of the party with most seats normally becomes the PM and forms the Government, which can stay in power for up to five old ages. The 2nd biggest party becomes the official Opposition, and its leader forms the Shadow Cabinet. The PM chooses the day of the month of the following General Election. About a month before the election the PM meets a little group of close advisors to discourse the day of the month. Then the PM officially asks the Queen to fade out the Parliament # 8211 ; all MPs become unemployed, but authorities officers cont inue to map. . Voting takes topographic point on Polling Day ( normally a Thursday ) , the consequences are known by the following forenoon. The leader of the party that got the bulk is invited by the Queen to organize a authorities. The authorities is arranged in approximately 15 sections each with a curate as its caput. The PM chooses about 20 Mononuclear phagocyte systems from his or her party to go the Cabinet of Ministers. Members of the House of Lords are non elected. About 70 per cent of them are familial equals. The other 30 per cent are life equals, they are appointed by the Queen. The relative representation system # 8211 ; all political parties, little every bit good as big, are represented in the government organic structure harmonizing to the proportion of ballots they receive. Parties. 3 chief parties # 8211 ; the Labour ( Tony Blair ) , the Conservative ( Ian Duncan Smith ) , the Liberal-Democrats ( Charles Kennedy ) . Labour # 8211 ; ruddy coloring material, Conservative # 8211 ; bluish, Lib-Dem # 8211 ; orange. The party system since 17thcent. The House of the Godheads The chief map of the HL is to analyze and revise measures from the Commons. It besides acts as the concluding tribunal of entreaty. Bill send from the HC may be approved by the HL ( if fiscal automatically ) , they can amend the measure and direct it back to the HC, can non merely reject, can detain for 13 months, after this it becomes a jurisprudence ( # 8220 ; kill a measure # 8221 ; ) , but the measure is no longer relevant. Chamber: throne in the centre with a canopy and a woolsack ( beginning of Britain # 8217 ; s prosperity ) where the Lord Chancellor sits ( talker of the HL ) . Governmental side # 8211 ; right of the talker, resistance # 8211 ; left. Benches # 8211 ; ruddy leather, green line separates authorities and resistance ( for contrast ) + transverse benches. The talker takes portion in arguments and ballots. If the talker decides to turn to as an ordinary # 8211 ; leaves the woolsack. The House of Commons Current rank: Labor 409 ( a # 8220 ; comfy # 8221 ; bulk ) , Conservatives 163, Lib-Dem 53, entire 659 ( + some smaller parties ) . Presided over by a talker, has the right to keep the order, elected at the beginning of each parliament session or when the old retires or dies ; doesn # 8217 ; t talk in arguments, doesn # 8217 ; t ballot, calls members to talk, puts the inquiry ( to vote ) . The Chamberhas the same agreement # 8211 ; talker # 8217 ; s chair ( alternatively of the throne and the woolsack ) . Shadow Cabinet of the Opposition has the right to lucubrate alternate policies.Frontbenchers, backbenchers, crossbenchers, the visitants # 8217 ; gallery. The benches are green. Stress 2-party system. The procedure of arguments is adversarial. The chief mapis to do Torahs by go throughing Acts of Parliament, every bit good as to discourse current political issues. Parliamentary process. Each session begins with the State Opening of the Parliament, if a portion has the bulk, the Queen reads the address. A argument, a ballot is taken. If no clear bulk # 8211 ; hung parliament, unsafe state of affairs, can take to a parliament crisis. Most of the twelvemonth # 8211 ; particular modus operandi. Proceedings are public, televised, imperativeness admitted, so print the proceedings on the undermentioned twenty-four hours in Hansard ( it was the first adult male who published ) . Business, order of concern, parliamentary concern ; inquiry clip # 8211 ; 1 hr, MPs ask Ministers and other MPs inquiries, prepared 48 hours, by resistance # 8211 ; to uncover the failing in the Government. The chief argument: measures are introduced by the Government, Ministers largely. The measure is introduced in a signifier of a gesture, any Minister can travel something ; the inquiry is unfastened to debate. At the terminal of the argument the Speaker asks MPs if they accept a gesture, sometimes the affair is decides on the topographic point. Approved by a bulk, rare # 8211 ; a division is called: aye/no anterooms # 8211 ; ballot by walking, a bell is rung, appoint Tellers stay on a/n anterooms, each MP walk to the anteroom and they are counted ; hold really small clip. The measure goes through some phases: foremost reading # 8211 ; debated in item, when is complicated, the House goes into commission, particular commission remains ( e.g. the Committee of Defense ) , others leave. 3rdclip # 8211 ; passed or rejected, if passed # 8211 ; gt ; the HL # 8211 ; gt ; the Queen for the Royal Assent # 8211 ; gt ; jurisprudence. Bills are drafted by audience with professional organic structures. Sometimes the proposals take the signifier of white paper ( provinces that the Government wants to cognize the attitude of public ) ; if wants public treatment # 8211 ; green paper. The standing commissions. Guillotine gesture ( foremost introduced by Thatcher ) # 8211 ; cuts down argument, repair the clip is allocated. Every party has the party whips # 8211 ; like party police officer, press the members to vote for the Government, all party members vote for. They don # 8217 ; t play hooky player, if don # 8217 ; t come # 8211 ; decrease of the wage. The Government and Cabinet 10, Downing Street # 8211 ; PM and the Cabinet. The White Hall # 8211 ; Her Majesty # 8217 ; s Government, governs in the name of the Queen. The Queen invites the leader of the party that has the bulk to organize a authorities. The Ministers are about ever the members of the Commons, besides a few # 8211 ; Lords. It is based on a tradition, because in the Commons the Government is expected to explicate its policies. In 19thcentury some Governments included members of different parties. The chief curates and sections. ~100 Ministers, the cardinal nucleus is the Cabinet ~20 senior Curates invited by the PM, they are called the Secretaries of State. Minister # 8211 ; a junior member of the Cabinet. Lord Chancellor, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Foreign Secretary ) # 8211 ; Jack Straw ; Chancellor of the Exchequer ( Minister of Finance ) # 8211 ; Gordon Brown ; Home Secretary ( Home Department ) ; Secretary for Defense, for Culture, Media and Sport, Education and Employment, Social Security, for Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland. The chief rules: 1 corporate duty ( as if they were one individual ) even if persons do non hold. If a Minister has done something incorrect, his co-workers have to disinherit him/her, will hold to vacate. 2 PM foremost among peers. In theory the 2ndis supposed to promote balance and freedom for single curates, in pattern it can give rise to tenseness. Insure leading, let for each curate some duty and freedom in their field. Cabinet meetings are held in private, 1-2 a hebdomad, while the Parliament is sitting, or, less frequently, during parliamentary deferral. The proceedings are confidential, secretaries take a particular curse non to unwrap. Because of the great sum of concern, Secretaries have junior Curates working under them # 8211 ; Curates of State ( Undersecretaries ) . Civil Service # 8211 ; a political organic structure which administers the determinations of the Ministers. Employed ~600,000 civil retainers, expected to be politically impartial, serves any authorities, every bit loyal to whatever party is in office ; if they want to stand for the Parliament they have to vacate foremost. Centre # 8211 ; the Cabinet Office, responsibilities # 8211 ; considerable, including the proper running of the whole Civil Service. The Local Government 1995-1998 # 8211 ; the system was reformed. Types. 45 Unitary governments, largely around the large metropoliss. Now the system of local authorities has one-tier governments, merely unitary. 2-tier governments: county councils ( council member ) , subdivided into territory / borough councils ( city managers ) . In England # 8211 ; 45 u. c. , 34 c. c. and 238 d. / b. c. Local elections # 8211 ; for 4 old ages, council members elect yearly, function on voluntary footing ; the council doesn # 8217 ; Ts have executive powers, no decision maker # 8211 ; fundamentally self-regulating. The Queen # 8217 ; s represented by Lord Lieutenant of the county, attends on the Queen when she comes to the county, gives honours and grants on behalf of the Crown. Functions. Responsible for instruction, the care of the chief roads, societal services, public assistance, libraries, fire service, garbage disposal. District councils: lodging, urban roads, auto Parkss, garbage aggregation, diversion, graveyards, environmental wellness. Unitary councils # 8211 ; unite all these maps. Parish councils # 8211 ; in rural. Beginnings of funding. 1 the council revenue enhancement # 8211 ; on the owner-occupier or renter of a home which is their exclusive or chief abode. Calculate: depending on rating of the market monetary value of the home. Standard Band D, divide homes into groups. 2 non-domestic rate # 8211 ; on other sorts of belongings ; 3 authorities grants ; 4 income from fees and charges for services. London. 32 borough councils. The London city manager # 8211 ; Ken Livingston. Greater London authorization ( GLA ) covers the country of 32 boroughs and the City of London. The Corporation of London: the Lord-Mayor # 8211 ; nominated yearly by the City Guilds, 24 Aldermen, 130 council members. Cymrus. Merely unitary governments ( 22 ) . Besides # 8211 ; degeneration # 8211 ; the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff for 4 old ages, 60 members and presiding officer. Can present secondary statute law, on the footing of Acts of the Apostless passed by the Parliament in Westminster, can non raise or lower income revenue enhancement. The Welsh Cabinet # 8211 ; 1stSecretary, secretaries for minor affairs ( ~ economic development, instruction, wellness, etc. ) . Have step of independency presents. Scotland. 29 unitary governments, for 3 old ages, elected. + 3 island councils. Have greater independency than Wales. The Scots Parliament, in Edinburgh, since 1999, 128 members. Has the right to present primary statute law and raise / lower income revenue enhancement by up to 3p in the lb. The Scottish Executive # 8211 ; the authorities, for instruction, wellness, jurisprudence and order, headed by the 1stMinister. Own notes # 8211 ; Scots lb. Northern Ireland: 26 territory councils elected for 4 old ages. The system of jurisprudence and order The Fundamental lawis non codified in any formal papers. The legislative subdivision # 8211 ; the HL, the HC, the Queen ; the Cabinet and the PM # 8211 ; executive ; they are combined by the Queen. In fact the Parliament is controlled by the executive, as all the measures pass to the Parliament by the bulk party, besides it is in the Parliament. Judicial system is represented by Courts, the HL is the chief 1. So there is practically no separation of powers. The bulk party has the existent power in the state. There is no constitutional tribunal, the system provides for no cheques and balances. The legal system of England and Wales are separated of these of Scotland and Northern Ireland. The system of tribunals. Supreme authorization # 8211 ; the HL ( supreme tribunals ) . The Ultimate Court of Appeal # 8211 ; Law Lords. Under the HL # 8211 ; Supreme Court of Judicature ( instead abstract, no individual organic structure ) , including the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice ( responsible for civil instances ) , the Crown Court ( for condemnable instances ) . The High Court of Justice: 3 divisions # 8211 ; the Chancery Division ( fiscal affairs: bankruptcy, reading of minutess and volitions ) , the Queen # 8217 ; s Bench Division ( for commercial jurisprudence: breach of contracts, serious personal hurt ) , the Family Division ( acceptance, divorce, etc. ) . Claimant/plaintiff lt ; # 8211 ; gt ; suspect. Civil instances: most are minor, settled in Small Claims Court ( affecting amount of money lt ; # 163 ; 5,000 ) , by a territory justice, if he decides that you are right can present costs and normally compensation / amendss. The more serious affair ( e.g. auto ) # 8211 ; to the County tribunal ( circuit justice # 8211 ; travels to the topographic point ) . You # 8217 ; d be represented by a canvasser or a barrister, if the instance is serious ( e.g. route accident and person was severely injured ) . If you are disgruntled # 8211 ; to the Court of Appeal ( Civil Division ) . Condemnable instances: Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions, works under the counsel of the Attorney-General. Crown Prosecution Service sends barristers andcanvassers. 3 types of offenses: 1 ) sum-up offenses ( 95 % ) # 8211 ; e.g. motoring offenses, dealt with in Magistrates # 8217 ; tribunals ( Justice of the Peace ) # 8211 ; 3 people, ordinary citizens, chosen by the community, appointed by the Lord Chancellor on recommendations by local groups ; unpaid, non professional attorneies ( put magistrates ) , without any jury # 8211 ; so advised on points of jurisprudence and process by a particular lawfully qualified clerk. Magistrates # 8217 ; tribunal can condemn to less than 6 month imprisonment or a all right of less than # 163 ; 5,000, if more serious # 8211 ; direct to the Crown Court. 2 ) Offense triable either manner ( e.g. auto larceny ) # 8211 ; pick belongs to the suspect, decides either should be heard by ballad magistrates or the Crown Court. 3 ) Chargeable offenses ( e.g. robbery, at the point of the gun or knife ) # 8211 ; merely in the Crown Court, presided by High Court Judges ( full-time circuit Judgess ) with a jury of 12 people ( jurymans ) . Crown Courts besides hear the instances from Magistrates. If dissatisfied # 8211 ; to the Court of Appeal ( the Criminal Division ) . Verdict is reached by the jury, after they have heard. Jury # 8211 ; local people ( constitutional responsibility ) . The justice sits in the tribunal room, makes certain that the test is decently conducted. Counsel for prosecution, for Defense. The justice ~ ushers, helps the jury to make the finding of fact. Person is presumed to be guiltless unless the prosecution can turn out guilt above all sensible uncertainty. Convicted, acquitted, recessed. Offenses: slaying, manslaughter, colza, assault, assault and battery, incendiarism, robbery, burglary, larceny, mugging, shrinkage, snatch, peculation, graft, counterfeit, bearing false witness, slander, libel, blackmail, maltreatment of power/confidence, disorderly behavior, hurrying. Punishment: mulct, imprisonment, community service, probation ( study to a particular probation officer ) , remand in detention, remand on bond, to allow, deny bond, release on word ; decease punishment abolished in 1969. The age of condemnable duty 10 old ages. For kids # 8211 ; Juvenile Court ( youth tribunal ) , 15 old ages peak age: let to populate within the household, under particular supervising, take into local authorization attention ( in a community place ) , attend particular school, live with surrogate parents, community service. Lawyers. Solicitors # 8211 ; the lower class, may cover with public, barristers # 8211 ; can non near public. A individual # 8211 ; gt ; canvasser # 8211 ; gt ; barrister # 8211 ; speaks in tribunal. Solicitor speaks in the Magistrates # 8217 ; Courts. Law society # 8211 ; for canvassers, the Bar # 8211 ; for barristers. Queen # 8217 ; s Counsels ( QC ) # 8211 ; in of import instances. No particular preparation for Judgess, Lord Chancellor decides who is to be a justice, chooses barristers. 9. The category system of modern Britain: the enlargement of the in-between category, category mobility, the upper categories, the outgrowth of a new lower class, the chief causes of this, the British impression of professional categories, the perceptual experience of category system and category struggle in modern society 1990 # 8217 ; s: upper category 1 % , upper middle 3 % , in-between 16 % , lower in-between 25 % , skilled working 25 % , unskilled working 17 % , underclass 13 % . A market characteristic of last 3 decennaries of 20thcentury # 8211 ; major enlargement of the in-between category. In 1900 75 % of manual workers, in 1991 # 8211 ; 36 % . 2mln occupations created in the professional and managerial Fieldss, works became more skilled and the service sector grew well ; mean income grew, so today much of the working category population can afford a in-between category life manner. Thatcher made 2/3 of population house-owners by selling council houses for give-away monetary values, overpowering bulk have a bank history or a edifice society history ; share-holders due to the denationalization of province companies in 1980 # 8217 ; s. Traditionally working at a works was considered on the job category, but basically in-between category # 8211 ; a batch of mobility between center, lower cen ter and working categories. Least mobility in upper category, in lower class # 8211 ; another consequence of Thatcher # 8217 ; s policies ( abolished full-employment ) . 1 % ain # 188 ; of the state # 8217 ; s wealth ; heritage, spread around the household to minimise the consequence of revenue enhancement. Young people # 8211 ; professionals, like civil retainers, attorneies, armed forced # 8211 ; during Thatcher # 8217 ; s period, a batch of them moved from the public service to the private sector, because of wages. In 1964 people were asked if there was category battle # 8211 ; 48 % # 8220 ; yes # 8221 ; , in 1995 # 8211 ; 81 % . 10. Historic state houses as portion of British national heritage: the development of attitudes from the mid-19th century to the present twenty-four hours. The function of the chief blue households, the National Trust and the authorities in the saving of the state houses Until early 19thcentury # 8211 ; private houses of the nobility. Their function as national heritage began so. The Victorian thought # 8211 ; Tudor and Jacobean houses, contrasted to the 18the century houses which considered not-English, cosmopolite. A author Nash published a book about them, everybody could see. Started going a batch, one of the most popular interests, + railways ( 1825 ) , all categories excepting working categories. Few proprietors needed fiscal part, so no fee ( merely in 3-4 houses ) . In 2ndhalf of the 19thcentury # 8211 ; alteration, friendly attitude broken, general populace began to be called anti-intellectuals ( commercialism, urbanisation, amenitiess ) . Middle category # 8211 ; widely distributed resorts ( Nice, Biarritz # 8211 ; tone was set by Edward, Victoria # 8217 ; s boy ) . In European states # 8211 ; opposite. In Jan 1895 # 8211 ; a charitable trust was set up, the National Trust ( 1stpresident # 8211 ; Duke of Westminster ) . Accepted gifts from people who cared, bought houses by public subscription, rank fees. Bought merely ~60 houses. The 2nd group of people # 8211 ; proprietors themselves # 8211 ; savages. Didn # 8217 ; t want to keep. Deep agribusiness depression, monetary values of land fell, grain monetary values fell, = gt ; economic and political power suffered terrible blows, land and money more of import than houses and contents, big houses were really expensive to keep # 8211 ; found purchasers, or redecorated, destructing his torical characteristics. In 1894 # 8211 ; decease responsibility introduced, this ruined many blue households. The 3rd group # 8211 ; little, about fringy # 8211 ; aesthetes, criticized anti-intellectuals and savages. Between the WW # 8211 ; public rating continued to deteriorate, sing stopped, closed, abandoned or demolished. Urbanization of the state # 8211 ; landholders began to sell land ( decease responsibility # 8211 ; 50 % ) , ~ 1/5 of landholders fell out of the category. While they could sell lands, cipher needed houses, they could be bough # 8220 ; for a vocal # 8221 ; . Lots demolished, tonss sold to assorted establishments, like public schools, colleges, young person inns. After WWII # 8211 ; alteration, trade with the authorities ( schools, or shop houses for national art aggregations ) ; if non # 8211 ; to suit military personnels. Besides # 8211 ; one time is taken # 8211 ; no decease responsibility. Everybody felt there was no hereafter for the state houses life, tonss demolished, sold, needed for schools, infirmaries. Late 50 # 8217 ; s-60 # 8217 ; s period of turning land monetary values, many landholders became multimillionaires. Then a group was formed # 8220 ; heritage in danger # 8221 ; . Tax freedom for of import plants of art, edifices, stretches of land. Owners were allowed to set their belongings in â€Å"maintenance funds† – controlled by the household, but treated as public organic structures. Apply for care grants – historic edifice council. Nowadays # 8211 ; 1: in private owned houses # 8211 ; HHA ( historic houses association ) , in best status. 2: owned by the National Trust ( rank fee, but sing free ) . 3: owned by the Government, 1984 English heritage set up, organisation funded by the Government, shells # 8211 ; nil indoors, or ruins. There is Secretary in the Cabinet for English Heritage. Besides purchasing # 8211 ; grants export licence to take it out of the state, administers Historic Buildings Council grants. 4: institutional usage, e.g. Warwick Castle # 8211 ; Mme Tussaud # 8217 ; s. British History 1. Name the encroachers who came to the British Isles before the Norman Conquest. The Celts ( 700 BC ) , the Romans ( 55, 54 BC Caesar ; 44, 77 AD Agricola ) , the Scotts from Ireland, the Picts from far north, the Anglo-Saxons ( 6thcentury ) , the Vikings ( Danes, Norwegians, Swedes ) 2. Who were the Druids? The ancient Gaelic priests and instructors, spiritual leaders, before Christianity. 3. What is Hadrian s Wall? A rock wall which the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered to be built across the North of England in 122 Ad from the E seashore to the West, in order to support Roman Britain from onslaught by northern folks. Every 15 stat mis # 8211 ; garrison. In Northumberland. 4. What do the words Danelaw and Danegeld base for? Area conquered by the Danes, money ( ransom ) paid to the encroachers. 5. What do you cognize about the conflict of Hastings? 14 Oct 1066, the Norman King William the Conqueror defeated the ground forces of the English King Harold. 6. Trace the history of spiritual on the British Isles up to the concluding transition to Christianity. Druids, pagan religion, # 8211 ; gt ; pagan Romans, eradicated Druids, # 8211 ; gt ; 391 Theodosius ordered the closing of all heathen temples, # 8211 ; gt ; 597 Pope Gregory sent mission to change over Anglo-Saxons, St. Augustine # 8211 ; missional ; monasteries, churches, by 8thcentury Christianized. 7. What changes did the Romans bring to Britain? Introduction of towns, baths in each, aqueducts, drainage, sewerage, walls against invasions, armed cantonments, Villas, introduces some veggies and fruits. 8. When was England portion of a Norse Empire? The Angevin Empire? 11thcent. 1154 terminal of the 14thcentury. 9. Remark on the beginning of names like Gloucester, Worcester, Essex, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday. Gloucester, Worcester # 8211 ; # 8220 ; castra # 8221 ; intending the armed cantonment ( lat. ) , Essex # 8211 ; east Saxons, Thursday # 8211 ; Vikings # 8217 ; strongest God of boom Thor, Friday # 8211 ; Freya # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours. 10. Which languages of Britain are of Celtic beginning? Gaelic, Erse ( Scots and Irish ) , Welsh, Irish. 11. What historical significance does the Bayeux Tapestry hold? A tapestry ( big piece of heavy woven cloth ) 70m long, made in Bayeux ( France ) in 11th-12thcenturies, whose images tell the narrative of the Norman Conquest. 12. When was Westminster Abbey built? Rebuilt? 11thcentury, 13thcentury. 13. In what papers is the narrative of the Viking invasion told? The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 14. What is Witenagemot? The council of the aristocracy and top clergy in 10thcentury. 15. What was the capital of Anglo-Saxon and early Norman England? Winchester. 16. How was the royal family expected to be financed in the medieval times? When did this pattern terminal? The male monarch was believed to be the richest landholder, expected to populate off his ain. Then system of revenue enhancement # 8211 ; the knights were encouraged to remain in their manors and better, pay revenue enhancements, instead than function the male monarch at the tribunal. Ended when the Civil List was introduced, money was given by the Parliament. 17. When was test by jury introduced? How did it work? 12thcentury, jurymans were the informants themselves. Cipher could be convicted unless jurymans swore that there was the instance against person. 18. In what war was the conflict of Crecy fought? What was its consequence? The Hundred Years War. 1356. Prince of Wales ( Black Prince ) defeated the Gallic. 19. What papers was signed at Runneymede? In what twelvemonth? What were its commissariats? Magna Charta, 1215. ~ 1stEnglish fundamental law, lay down the foundation of the authorities, 60 articles. Most of import # 8211 ; no free adult male was to be arrested, imprisoned except by the jurisprudence of land ( given of artlessness ) ; no revenue enhancement should be introduced without the blessing of thee Council. Privileges to boroughs # 8211 ; charted town, guaranteed freedom of metropoliss. 20. What are the campaigns? 8 wars led by Christian European male monarchs in the 11th, 12thand 13thcenturies to acquire control of Palestine from the Muslims, since both sides believed that Palestine was a holy land in their faith. 21. How and when did Parliament emerge in England? 13thcentury # 8211 ; 1265. Great councils more and more frequently, representatives from shires, towns came to meetings. In 1350 divided into HL and HC. 22. How was the feudal system organized under William the Conqueror? Brought 170 tenants-in-chief, 5,000 knights. The honor ( land ) # 8211 ; to tenants-in-chief, manors # 8211 ; to knights. Governing category # 8211 ; renters, knights ( aristocracy category ) , bishops ( appointed by the King ) . William gave orders to renters, they to knights. Common people belonged to the knights. 23. Why did the Hundred Years War start? How did it stop? 1337-1453. Attempt to repossess the Angevin Empire, tried to maintain control of lands in France. The Gallic won and forced the English to go forth France. 24. What is the Domesday Book? The record of all the lands in England, demoing their size, value, ownership, etc. , made in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror. 25. What do you cognize about Thomas Becket? The Archbishop of Canterbury, who was killed by Henry II # 8217 ; s soldiers ( 1170 ) in Canterbury Cathedral ( # 8220 ; Who will free me of this turbulent priest? # 8221 ; ) . Becket was his friend. He was appointed Lord Chancellor, so became the Archbishop and began to claim estates from the baronial people as being Church belongings. Then he declared that no power, but himself should name a priest to any church in England. Henry II tried to cut down the power of the Church. They quarreled, so Becket resigned and changed life styles to humbleness and self-denial, went to France for 6 old ages. 26. What are the royal regalia? Ceremonial apparels and ornaments. Crown, sceptre, eyeball, + blade of province. 27. Who is Wolsey? An English Cardinal, and politician who was rich and powerful, but lost power after neglecting to carry the Pope to let Henry VIII to disassociate Catherine of Aragon. Accused of high lese majesty, died merely in clip. 28. When and how were the feudal system and the power of the mediaeval aristocracy broken? 15thcentury. Continuous contending among the baronial people, the Wars of the Roses ( civil war ) , physically wiped out, and common people stayed off from contending. Battle of Bosworth, 1485 # 8211 ; terminal of mediaeval England. 29. What character in English history was called the King-maker? Why? During the Wars of the Roses, Earl of Warwick, decided to interfere, and Edward IV became the male monarch with his aid. 30. What do you cognize about Thomas More? An English politician and author, he was the King # 8217 ; s advisor, Lord Chancellor, but when he opposed the King # 8217 ; s divorce and refused to accept him as the caput of the Church of England, was put in prison and beheaded. 31. Name the chief Tudor male monarchs. What was the success of the Tudor regulation based on? Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I. Absolute monarchy, set manners in every field of public life, felt public sentiment, gave rise to a new elite # 8211 ; the aristocracy, trade flourished, avoided expensive wars. 32. How did the Church of England emerge? In 1527 Henry VIII wanted to remarry ( Catherine of Aragon # 8211 ; gt ; Anne Boleyn ) , the Pope didn # 8217 ; t admit his divorce ( was influenced by the Spanish male monarch, Catherine # 8217 ; s nephew ) , in 1533 broke off with Vatican, announced himself a supreme caput of the Church of England. 33. Who is Thomas Cranmer? What is he best remembered for? The Archbishop of Canterbury, foremost after the creative activity of C of E, one of the leaders of Reformation. Granted the King his divorce. 34. The causes, two chief periods and the consequences of the Wars of the Roses. Dynastic crisis, Plantagenets perished, the competition between House of Lancasters and House of Yorks led to the civil war ( 1455-1485 ) . The Battle of St. Albans ( 1455 ) # 8211 ; Richard of York ( won ) versus Henry VI. Queen Margaret ( 1960 ) # 8211 ; Lancaster. Edward IV ( York ) . Richard III. 1485 Henry VII Tudor. The Battle of Bosworth. End of mediaeval England, rise of new elite, Tudors came to the throne. 35. Who is William Cecil? Elizabeth # 8217 ; s advisor, secretary. She had a good endowment in taking advisors in opinion. Cecils were common mans, but she made him Lord Burleigh. 36. What do you cognize about the disintegration of monasteries? Its societal effects. In the beginning of 1530s in England were approximately 800 Catholic monasteries. 1536-1540 all the monasteries were closed, the lands and properties passed to the male monarch # 8217 ; s exchequer. Then the male monarch sold the lands to gentry, it created a immense landowning category, which had political influence until the 19thcentury. 37. How did the inside of and service in the English church alteration as a consequence of the constitution of the Church of England? 1549 # 8211 ; Book of Common Prayer, retained much of Catholic pattern, including mass. More extremist ( 1552 ) # 8211 ; Catholic mass disappeared, introduced punishment. 1559 # 8211 ; Act of Uniformity. Service of the Holly Communion replaced the mass, Morning Prayer said in English, Psalm vocalizing, vicar delivered discourse from the dais. Before appealed to the oculus, now to the ear. Appearance of churches changed # 8211 ; interior about bare, Royal Arms alternatively of the image of Jesus Christ, relics, communion table, pix gone, walls whitewashed, no pictures, reverends wore surplice. Abolition of church music. 38. What character in English history is called Bloody Mary ? Why? Mary, girl of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Wanted to change over the state to Catholicism. Lots of executing ( Thomas Cranmer ) , reign was about a catastrophe, unsuccessful war with France. 39. In what papers is the philosophy of the Anglican Church contained? When was the concluding version of it adopted? How did the philosophy develop from Henry VIII to Elizabeth? 42 Articles of Faith 1552 by Cranmer. In 1562 # 8211 ; modified to 39, and in 1571 was imposed by the Parliament as the philosophy of C of E # 8211 ; till presents. More extremist but proved to be the aureate mean, meant different for different people. 40. What does Elizabethan religious colony imply? Protestants wanted to travel farther, to Calvinism, Catholics to continue Catholicism. She was a Protestant, but non spiritual, didn # 8217 ; t care much ; motivated by political grounds had to come back to the C of E. In 1559 # 8211 ; Act of Supremacy ( eventually abolished foreign intervention in English ecclesiastical personal businesss ) . Act of Uniformity ( 1559 ) . She wanted moderate Protestantism, but bulk wanted more extremist signifier. Under force per unit area in 1552 issued the 2ndPrayer Book, which was more extremist than she wanted. 41. Elizabeth versus Mary Stuart. Mary was the Queen of Scotland ( Elizabeth # 8217 ; s cousin ) . She has been married to the Dauphin, the inheritor of the Gallic male monarch. As the Roman Church neer recognized the matrimony ( Henry VIII A ; Anne Boleyn ) , she claimed the English Crown. Mary was accused of slaying of her 2nd hubby and was imprisoned, signed her stepping down, so managed to get away to England. Elizabeth didn # 8217 ; t want Mary to be executed. Mary spent in prison 19 old ages, so executed for high lese majesty. 42. Elizabethan foreign policies and their consequence on the exchequer. England was non a great power, European states dominated. England in secret did injury to them ( pirates # 8211 ; got a batch of money to the exchequer, so she didn # 8217 ; t penalize them ) , and aided the Netherlands against Spain. Philip II, the Spanish King and # 8220 ; bloody # 8221 ; Mary # 8217 ; s hubby, besides back uping Mary Stuart # 8211 ; conflicted with Elizabeth. Sent fleet to get the better of England, but England won the Invincible Armada and became the Mistress of the Seas. Financial jobs, Elizabeth considered to be really miserly. 43. The chief causes of the struggle between King and Parliament in the mid-17th century. 2 chief jobs when Stuarts replaced Tudors # 8211 ; spiritual and fiscal. Lack of money in the exchequer, the Parliament refused to present any ordinary revenue enhancement. James I got rid of the Parliament. Besides James stated that Puritanism in his state couldn # 8217 ; t be tolerated. 44. In what war was the conflict of Naseby fought? 14th June 1645. The First Civil War. The first licking of monarchists. 45. Name the Stuart male monarchs and Queenss. James I, Charles I. After Restoration Charles II, James II, Mary II, William III, Queen Anne. 46. What do you cognize about Guy Fawkes? The Gunpowder Plot. 5th November 1605. He wanted to blow up the Parliament, when the King, the Lords and the Commons should be at that place. The Plot was disclosed, Fawkes imprisoned, found guilty, executed. 47. What event is normally referred to as Regicide? How popular and lawful was it? The executing of Charles I. Peoples considered this to be a atrocious event because they believed him to be lord-anointed. He was convicted non by the tribunal of jurisprudence but by a legislative assembly. 48. Under what fortunes was it possible for English male monarchs to govern without Parliament? What kings did it? When was this eventually stopped? James I got rid of the Parliament. Charles I besides. When Charles I had to cite the Parliament because he needed money severely ( Scotts invaded the state and demanded money, to forestall from active war ) # 8211 ; summoned the Long Parliament. It started go throughing Torahs # 8211 ; no disintegration of the Parliament without its consent, no type of revenue enhancement without its consent, king able to cite the Parliament when wanted, but at least in 3 old ages. 49. What events took topographic point in England between 1642 and 1649? In 1642 the King went to the North to piece the ground forces to contend with the Parliament. Cipher wanted the war but the opportunity for via media was lost, Charles refused to get rid of the royal privileges, so the war was inevitable. The Parliament created the # 8220 ; New Model Army # 8221 ; which defeated the Royal Army. Charles was captured but fled to the Isle of Wight, so arrested, set on test, executed ( 1649 ) . 50. What period is called the Personal Rule? How did it stop? 1629-1640, Charles I, had jobs with money, wanted to avoid wars, to raise money by royal privileges, granted new monopolies, remembered old revenue enhancements, conflicted with the Parliament and eventually he didn # 8217 ; t summon. Peace with France and Spain, commercial prosperity. Ended with 2 civil wars and executing. 51. Who are Cavaliers and Roundheads? Cavaliers were the people, largely aristocracy, who supported the King during the English Civil War. Roundheads, largely puritans, aristocracy, # 8211 ; supported the Parliament. 52. What do you cognize about Inigo Jones? A British designer, who was the spouse of Charles I ( who was the frequenter of humanistic disciplines ) . Designed many of import edifices, clairvoyance. in London. He was the first individual to present the Italian Palladian manner. Besides designed scenery for the theater. 53. Why are the events of 1642 1649 sometimes referred to as the Puritan revolution? What were its consequences? Because the Parliament consisted chiefly of Puritans. They criticized the C of E, were persecuted for this, they wanted to acquire rid of all remains of Catholicism. Results # 8211 ; extreme Puritans did off with the C of E and set new political system, the Republic. 54. What period in English history do we name the Protectorate? The period after Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and proclaimed the Protectorate, presuming the rubric of Lord-Protector. 5 old ages ( 1653-1658 ) . Then his boy Richard, boulder clay 1659. 55. When and between what states was the War for the Spanish Succession fought? What were its consequences? In 1701-1713, England ( + Holland ) , France and Spain # 8211 ; for the Spanish throne after the Spanish King # 8217 ; decease. England won, got Minorca, Gibraltar, Newfoundland. Gallic enlargement stopped. 56. Why are the events of 1689 called either the Glorious or the Unexpected revolution? What were the effects? James II conflicted with the Parliament, the 2 parties decided to take James and ask for his girl with her hubby William of Orange. James fled to France, people didn # 8217 ; t object. No blood, no resistance, no conflicts. Absolutism in England came to its terminal, England became limited monarchy. 57. What does the term Restoration base for? No parliament, no stableness, and at last the monarchists invited Charles II ( Charles I # 8217 ; s boy ) to go the King in 1660. 58. What function did the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough drama in English history? John Churchill for his triumphs in the War for the Spanish Succession ( the conflict of Blenheim ) got the rubric of Duke of Marlborough, was granted the land. His married woman Sarah Jennings was the Queen # 8217 ; s front-runner. 59. Who are the Dissenters? Members of one of the Protestant groups that separated from the C of E, refused to accept the philosophy of the established church. 60. When did the party system emerge? What were the first parties, how did the system alteration with old ages? 1670 # 8217 ; s. foremost there were two parties # 8211 ; Tory ( tribunal party that supported the King ) and Whigs ( who supported the Parliament # 8211 ; state / aristocracy, wanted reforms ) . 61. When did the King go king-in-Parliament? What did it intend? 1694, William of Orange, III. He ruled under certain conditions: accepted the Bill of Rights ( no standing ground forces, no Torahs without parliament # 8217 ; s consent ) , the Act of Settlement ( no Catholic win ) . Didn # 8217 ; t regulation on his ain, but a portion of the Parliament. 62. When was the Civil List foremost introduced? In William of Orange # 8217 ; s reign, 1698. The Parliament started giving money for maintaining king # 8217 ; s family, so that he couldn # 8217 ; t fade out it. 63. Who are the Hanovers? After the Queen Ann # 8217 ; s decease there was a alteration of dynasty, because she didn # 8217 ; Ts have kids. George I was from German, but James I # 8217 ; s remote comparative. 64. How and when did the office of the Prime Minister arise? What did the office imply? Who was the first PM? 1720 # 8217 ; s. The first PM was Robert Walpole, he became the King # 8217 ; s representative in the HC. 65. What were the chief periods of the reign of George III? The first period 1760-1789, believed in an absolute monarchy, was an idealistic politician. When the settlements in America got independency, the Whigs returned to power. Besides after the Gallic Revolution, England felt that it was a great menace. After the War with Napoleon, the triumph, he got national regard. The monarchy began to alter. 66. Who are the Black Prince, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Prince of Wales? The Black Prince was the Prince of Wales, during the Hundred Years War he defeated the Gallic. Bonnie Prince Charlie # 8211 ; the grandson of James II, believed to hold the right to be the king alternatively of George II. The Prince of Wales is the eldest boy of the King / Queen, started when Wales joined England in Edward I # 8216 ; s reign. 67. What period is called the regulation of the elite ? How did the political system work? When and why did it stop? The period of Whigs # 8217 ; opinion, during the reign of George I and II, the state was efficaciously controlled by the curates ( Robert Walpole # 8211 ; the caput ) . It ended with the accession of George III ( who was brought up in England ) ; he subjugated the Parliament. 68. What event is called the Boston Tea Party ? A protest in Boston in 1773 against the British revenue enhancement on tea, when tea was thrown from the ship into the H2O in the Boston Harbour. This is considered to be the event that started the American Revolutionary War. 69. What period is referred to as Regency? Why was it necessary? The period 1811-1820 when the state was ruled by the Prince Regent ( George IV ) , because the King himself was mentally sick. 70. When was the first British Empire created? When did it stop? Created after the triumph in the War for the Spanish Succession. It ended in 1783 when the settlements in America became independent. 71. Who is William Pitt the Younger? What function did he play? He was the caput of the fraction of the Whig Party, George III preferred him, became the PM # 8211 ; great stableness, support of both King and the Parliament. 72. Who were the heroes of the wars against Napoleon? Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon several times, the conflict of Trafalgar, he was fatally wounded ; Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon in the conflict of Waterloo in 1815. 73. How did the look to run into one s Waterloo originate? Bonaparte was eventually defeated in the conflict of Waterloo in 1815. 74. The alterations in the nature of monarchy and the opinion elite in the early nineteenth century. The Monarchy became the symbol of the state # 8217 ; s integrity. After the war with Napoleon. Great proud. The governing elect underwent great alteration. Peoples meriting regard # 8211 ; non merely birth and belongings, but industry and morality. A position that wealth and rank meant responsibility, private morality. Political power based on birth and belongings. 75. What is the Great Reform Bill? Why was it necessary and what were its chief commissariats? It was a measure which gave a vote right to more societal groups and large metropoliss were now represented in the Parliament. Necessary # 8211 ; because industrial metropoliss emerged and they had no representatives. 76. What were the chief characteristics of Victorian society and authorities? The state was efficaciously ruled by the PMs, who were elected from the party that got the bulk in the Parliament. 2ndReform Bill in 1867 ( blue regulation declined ) , electorate doubled, secret ballot introduced. Society: category division formed but no confrontation. Fiscal independency, reputability, philanthropic gift, difficult work, seriousness. Police force created, public wellness, instruction for the lower categories. Free unregulated market. 77. The extension of franchise after the Great Reform Act of 1832, its effects. Every 5threceived a ballot. Redistribution of seats. Now large metropoliss were represented, belongings making for campaigners. Social effect # 8211 ; tied the in-between category to the blue bloods. 78. What was the function of Prince Albert in British history? He was the Prince-Consort, was non fit for concern, but had good influence on the immature queen. He was interested in humanistic disciplines, music, scientific discipline and industry, planned and organized the Great Exhibition in 1851. Many edifices are named after him. 79. What were the two chief parties in the Victorian age and who were their most outstanding leaders? Tory # 8211 ; gt ; Conservatives ( Disraeli ) , Whigs # 8211 ; gt ; Liberal ( Gladstone ) . They alternated. 80. When did authorities societal policy originate? What countries did it cover? Social reforms in Victorian reign # 8211 ; public wellness, instruction for all kids, province undertook the responsibility to supply schools, school attending became mandatory, simple instruction free. 81. What is the Boer War? The war in South Africa against 2 Boer democracies ( Transvaal and Orange Free State ) , made them a portion of the British Empire. Huge loss of life, Britain became unpopular in Europe. 82. What period do we name Edwardian? What were its typical characteristics? The reign of Edward VII. Society became cosmopolitan, new wealth was added to the old wealth of great landowning households ( from Victorian clip ) . Appearance of the Labour Party, societal reforms. Crisis, suffragette motion. Poverty and unemployment. Irish inquiry. 83. What do you cognize about the People s Budget? Was introduced by David Lloyd George. It was designed to pay the costs of societal public assistance and naval rearmament. But the Lords rejected the undertaking in 1909. 84. What were the effects of WWI on British society? Had really of import effects, affected everyone, traumatized the whole coevals, nil was the same after it. It had provided the juncture for monolithic governmental experiments in economic endeavor, in insurance. It was the urge for societal and economical alteration. Rising unemployment. Rise of Labour Party and diminution of Liberals. Very extended plan of societal reforms # 8211 ; Liberals failed to react. 85. The rise and autumn of the Second British Empire. 1850 the 2nd British Empire, India added, exceeded the 1st. During the period from 1940 to 1980 old ages more than 40 British settlements became independent. Remained friendly with Britain, most of them # 8211 ; gt ; the Commonwealth. 86. When did authorities economic policy Begin? After the WWI, the Government started supporting the place market by presenting protectionist duties. 87. When did the Labour party emerge? How did it later alter the party system? The alterations in the Labour programme at the terminal of the twentieth century, their chief cause. Emerged in 1906. In 1920 # 8217 ; s rose and replaced the Liberal Party. Was traditionally the socialist party, but in 1980-90 # 8217 ; s changed and travel towards the political centre ( New Labour ) . 88. What were the chief effects of WWII? The economic system declined, there was nil to export, no money for import. Britain was efficaciously a totalitarian province, the Government had limitless power, rationing introduced, luxuries had 100 % revenue enhancement on them, everyone of contending age was conscripted, retainers disappeared. Defeat of Conservatives and triumph of the Labour Party. 89. What function did Mrs. Simpson, a divorced American, drama in English history? Wallis Simpson, had a relationship with Edward VIII. Because she had already been married twice earlier, Edward was non allowed to get married her. Then he decided to renounce, she became the Duchess of Windsor. 90. What is a Welfare province? When was it created? What does the term Welfare mean today? State with a system of societal aid provided by the province, giving money to people who are hapless or unemployed, supplying medical attention. 1945-51. The section of societal security. 91. What is meant by the epoch of consensus ? 92. What is Affluent Society? Affluent society, which was created by enlargement of the in-between category. In 1990 # 8217 ; s the society was defined by a prosperity that involved the bulk of people. 93. What events are sometimes referred to as The Winter of Discontent ? The winter of 1978-79 when many workers refused to work in protest against the Labour authorities # 8217 ; s thought on restricting wage rises. The Labour party lost power after this. 94. What events are called The Battle of Britain ? The battles between German and Britain aircraft during the summer and fall of 1940, when British aircraft tried to forestall German aircraft from bombing British metropoliss. The bombardment was stopped at the terminal of 1940 and it was considered as a great triumph. Main consequence # 8211 ; prevented from invasion. 95. Why was Thatcher s period in office called a revolution? What did she intend when she proclaimed a return to Victorian values? Changed a batch, reduced revenue enhancements, took away power from trade brotherhoods, started the programme of denationalization, and created immense in-between category. Free market. Everybody should work hard, be earnest, thrifty, and independent.

Should the Death Penalty be legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should the Death Penalty be legal - Essay Example Those who are against the use of capital punishment do not think that the government should be given the authority to subject any of its people to death. They also say that this practice is overtly costly, racially partial and does not realize the intended result. The vast majority of Americans consider the death penalty to be neither cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite; they think it’s a fair and just punishment. They not only accept but stridently insist that the â€Å"ultimate punishment† be sustained for several reasons which will be thoroughly covered in this paper. It will also take into account the opponents’ logic concerning why it should be ended in an effort to show an inclusive summary of the contentious death penalty debate. History of Punishment Historically speaking, the justification for punishing offenders has been to â€Å"avenge the crime, to protect society by imprisoning the criminal, to deter that person and other potential offenders from the commission of crimes and to obtain reparations from the offender† (Wolfgang, 1998). All through the history of civilization, this rational has not altered appreciably. The four fundamental reasons humanity punishes criminals can be classified by two basic motivations. One is to obtain the desired outcome which includes protecting society, deterrence and seeking compensation. The other, retribution or vengeance involves reprimanding those who have committed a crime on society. For thousands of years people have subscribed to retribution as validation for using the death penalty which can be found in the Biblical reference ‘an eye for an eye.’ In other words, aggressive actions against society must be confronted with an aggressive punishment (Olen & Barry, 1996: 268). This use of any type of punishment is humanity’s method of striking back at a person or persons who have disturbed the ethical and emotional sensibilities of a society. The ‘eye for an eye’ justification continues to be used by many people and nations today. Those who embrace this viewpoint are undoubtedly correct when they state that capital punishment assures that the offender will not be able to commit another transgression against society. The death penalty is the definitive preventative measure (Olen & Barry, 1996). Opponent Position Persons who oppose use of the death penalty think that all life no matter how despicable should be considered of value and that putting a person in prison for life without the opportunity for parole is sufficient punishment. Opponents also believe that revenge as justification is wrong and in the end more harmful to the values of society than is the crime of murder itself. Additionally, opponents think that banning the death penalty will â€Å"allow opportunities for confronting those who had been hurt most and possibly encourage remorse or reconciliation (and) suggest those that have killed be made to service the commun ity as a way of partially making amends† (Olen & Barry, 1967: 272). According to opponents the death penalty is morally and ethically objectionable in modern society. Some are against it based on religious reasons referring to morality as the primary issue; however, differing religions and the faithful within those religions have conflicting opinions. For example, Christians who live in America overwhelmingly support it while Christians in Europe tend to oppose it. Legal Interpretations The U.S. Supreme Court has maintained that use of the death

Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assay - Essay Example He replied that the symptoms manifested the day before, and that he has not had any medications as yet. He appeared to be a very healthy man in his forties. The pharmacist later revealed to me that the patient was a regular at the pharmacy. The patient’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels were within normal range and he did not suffer any medical conditions. After the interview, I observed that the pharmacist advised him to take Dimetapp which is an over-the-counter, no-drowse, cough and cold remedy. The pharmacist also advised him to increase his water intake in order to facilitate his recovery from his colds. A review of various articles and researches on the effectiveness of non-antibiotic remedies for cough and colds revealed that the most promising remedies for cough and colds include â€Å"dextromethorphan, bisolvon, and guiaphenesin for cough, antihistamine- decongestant combinations for a wide range of symptoms, nasal decongestants (at least for the first dose) and possibly zinc lozenges† (Arroll, p. 1478). Dimetapp is an antihistamine-decongestant, hence highly recommended for colds and cough. Another patient came in to buy a sedative nasal decongestant. I observed the pharmacist interview where the pharmacist asked him if he was taking any other medication, and he said he was taking Exxefor. I reviewed my knowledge of Exxefor and was able to establish that Exxefor is an antidepressant classified as an SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). It is a prescription drug for major depressive and anxiety disorders. This drug is also contraindicated for patients who are hypersensitive to Venlafaxine. I was further able to establish that the most common side-effects for Exxefor are the following: headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, and sweating. When taken with any sedative drug, the chances for the occurrence of these side-effects would increase. I then understood why the

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Marketing Planning - Essay Example 1.1 Product Introduction Mount Franklin is pure spring water without adding any flavour into the water, which is taken from beneath the ground, travelling through layers of the rock of three natural sources in Australia. In addition to competing with bottled water, Mount Franklin also competes with other non-alcoholic beverages. Despite the presence of competition and substitute products, the market remains attractive due to strong growth in demand, barrier to entry, lack of bargaining power of suppliers, favorable customers’ preference of bottled water over other types of beverages and CCA’s competitive advantage in distribution (Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd., 2003). The objectives of this marketing plan is to improve the market position of Mount Franklin by growing the demand for bottled water and improving Mount Franklin’s image over its competitors. However, there are issues which need to be addressed e.g. cannibalisation of other products produced by CCA and negativ e publicity from overseas. To achieve the stated objective, both offensive and defensive strategies will be discussed. Offensive strategies will be used to grow market share, customer purchase and market demand while defensive strategies will be used to protect current market position. 2. ... These beverages are bottled in plastic, glass or else canned in aluminium for sale to wholesalers and retailers. Mount Franklin spring water is available in many stores such as convenience stores, food court, take away outlets, supermarkets and vending machines. The major players involved in this industry are Coca-Cola Amatil Limited (CCA), Cadbury Schweppes Australia Limited, Berri Limited and Golden Circle Limited (CCA, 2004). In Australia, soft drink industry is a large industry with over $3 billion annual turnover and employs a substantial number of workers as shown in table 1. The major group of consumers who drink the bottled water are young people, singles, and couples especially female aged between 14 to 35 years (Australasian Bottled Water Institute, 2004 a ). In bottled water category, the CCA share has increased from 15% to 35% in the previous 18 months. Per capita consumption of its brands, ‘Mount Franklin’, the market leader, ‘pump’ and ‘N everfail’ has been growing (Australasian Bottled Water Institute, 2004 a ). 2.2 External: Market Analyses Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Rivalry among existing firms The industry could be considered as oligopoly. There are five major companies which account for more than 80% of the market share. Each of the major companies holds more than 1% of the market share and seeks to improve the share position. In addition, there are numerous companies which are local and international companies that compete in this industry. Thus, there is intense rivalry within the industry. Barrier to entry Although there is no regulation that prevents a company from entering soft drink industry, barrier to entry remains significant. Brand awareness is crucial

Circumcision Ritual as a Rite of Passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Circumcision Ritual as a Rite of Passage - Essay Example The separation phase in East African circumcision ceremony occurs when young boys of about 12-15 years are picked by young adults from their homes and assembled in the bush (Prazak, 2004). In the bush, the foreskins of their penis are cut off to symbolize the elimination of childhood as one prepares to become an adult. Separation occurs because the boys go away from their home and spend some time in the bushes where they are circumcised and wait to be healed. The transition phase in this ritual is the time when the boys stay in the bushes as they wait to heal. Within this period, the boys are taught the morals, traditions, values and norms of their communities (Prazak 2004). They are taught to be responsible in the society and to understand the key values of the community. The boys are also treated in this phase with traditional herbs so that they can heal faster. Lastly, the boys sing, dance, and eat throughout this transition period. This phase is transitional period because the activities prepare the boys to move into new world of more responsibility as adults in the society.

Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aesthetics - Essay Example Those belonging to the former school of thought contest that beauty lies only "in the eye of the beholder" whereas the latter claim that aesthetic characteristics exist independently of the mind. Ultimately the question is whether the aesthetic quality is subjective or objective and if it is possible to have objective standards of taste. An attempt has been made to answer this question by comparing and critically analyzing the works of Hume, Kant and Bell on the issue of aesthetic judgment and taste.Hume was an empiricist; he believed that all knowledge was derived exclusively from the senses based on individual perception and resulting from experience. Thus his viewpoint is essentially subjective. He feels that aesthetic enjoyment comes from deep within and one needs "that delicacy of imagination" without which one will be unable to appreciate the finer points of great art. Sentiment is another factor which affects one's reaction to works of art. There is no right or wrong sentiment because it "has a reference to nothing beyond itself". Beauty is another quality that "exists merely in the mind". And yet in the midst of all this subjectivity he never implies that aesthetic judgement is entirely personal. In fact common sense which he sets much store by indicates that responses may be right or wrong but some are invariably much better than others.Hume seeks to establish a standard of taste, "a rule" that works by "confirming one sentiment, and condemning another." He prescribes five factors that are prerequisites for a true judge - "Strong sense united to delicate sentiment, improved by practice, perfected by comparison and cleared of all prejudice". This standard attempts to adhere to the universal principles of taste while smoothing out individual differences. However there are two factors which prevent the functioning of the standard mechanism - "the one is the different humours of particular men; the other, the particular manners and opinions of our age and country". And on this note we can conclude Hume's account of aesthetic judgement. IMMANUEL KANT: THE CRITIQUE OF AESTHETIC JUDGEMENT Kant is the father of modern aesthetics. His invaluable contribution to philosophy at large and aesthetics in particular has consolidated his position as one of the most influential thinkers of all time. At the very onset of the essay Kant states that beauty is discerned "by means of the imagination" in conjunction with understanding as opposed to "a view of cognition". Feelings of pleasure or displeasure play a pivotal role in aesthetic judgement. Pleasure is merely a mental state and it has nothing to do with the properties of the object that elicits the response. Thus according to Kant, the "determining ground" is largely subjective. However there is scope for objectivity under certain controlled circumstances. Kant asserts that the element of interest in the judgement of aesthetic quality tends to be "partial and not a pure judgement of taste". A complete state of "disinterestedness" coupled with the imagination and naked perception must be preserved for effective judgement. If this state can be affected it is possible to arrive at a judgement that has "universal validity". CLIVE BELL: THE AESTHETIC HYPOTHESIS Bell does not mince words in his aesthetic hypothesis. He states that "The starting point for all systems of aesthetics must be the personal experience of a peculiar emotion." Of course the same work of art may provide different emotions in different people but "there is a particular kind of emotion" which is common to all kinds of "visual art". This aesthetic emotion may or may not be felt by people as it is

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work Essay

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work - Essay Example This research paper examines that through the concept of neighborhood policing, it is clear that better solutions through cooperative efforts are being achieved. With the widespread use of these teams and the success with which they have been met, it is possible that this idea could be extended to include a greater number of community services so that through police and social services interactions, more individuals can be helped before harm comes to the community. With a wider social cooperative effort, it may be that crimes can be prevented through an understanding of events from a larger perspective. The success of this system has been through the cooperation of authoritative efforts, but this success suggests that wider use could be of service to the communities. The idea of community policing or neighborhood policing was developed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel who was looking for a way to create a more community ideal of law enforcement. In the early 21st century, after some prelim inary efforts that started in the 1980s, Parliament has supported the idea of creating teams in communities with the intention of creating a safer nation. As a result, decreases have been seen in the crimes that specific areas have mostly been concerned about for their neighborhoods. Through cooperation, the development of these teams has put a force based on presence and interactions that have allowed for a better assessment of what is occurring so that regionally specific solutions can be developed.

The impacts of Social Media on UK Consumers Brand Perceptions and Essay

The impacts of Social Media on UK Consumers Brand Perceptions and Purchase Decisions - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations are facing the intense challenge in the globalized era regarding profitability, sustainability and growth. Customers buying behaviors will get the effect of the product features, marketing policies and medium of a market. In the current study, an in-depth analysis of impacts of social media among the UK consumers regarding brand perceptions and purchase decisions is recorded. Contemporary marketing strategies are converting their domain towards the online atmosphere. An online perspective of marketing has increased potential reach of the customers with advertising messages. Organisations are able to explore the market in a more commercial manner. Online medium of advertising evolved development of the communication strategies. In developed countries like the UK and USA people are increasing use of social networks for making social connections. Social media is developing the communication aspects of the UK based consumers and firms. In the current study, a retail industry of the UK is used to contrast the impacts of social media on retail customer’s brand perceptions and purchase decisions. British people are having various retail firm options like â€Å"Big Four† firms like Tesco, ASDA, Sainsbury, and Morrison, apart from those retailers like LIDL, ALDI, and Walmart. This research will be aimed to investigate the potential effects of social media marketing strategies on consumer behavior. Retail market of the UK is facing an intense challenge of the competition from different organizations. In the retail market, Mainly, these small-sized firms are limiting the scope of the profitability and growth of other firms. Increased competition in the market is seeking for well-established strategies for growth and sustainability. The current study will create a link among the different type of the social media advertising strategies to create brand awareness and favorable buying decision making from the retail customers. Social media is increasing popularity among the different ages and demographical areas. Social media is one of the majorly used advertising and promotion medium for the organizations.