FEMELE EFFIGY IN THE PRESS AND TV ADVERTISEMENT AS THE SOURCE OF Essay

FEMELE EFFIGY IN THE PRESS AND TV ADVERTISEMENT AS THE SOURCE OF STERETYPICAL IMAGE - Essay Example In presenting women in this way, in both the press as serious representation and in advertising as everyday representation, the media serves to reinforce and reintroduce concepts of the female gender as something less than or less capable than men. To prove this concept, the present study will investigate images of the female in news media as press and in advertising as representations of the everyday to determine whether this concept of female effigy in the media remains true today. To accomplish this, the study will look at a number of media theories regarding how images seen on television and in advertising reinforce and introduce social ideals and investigate several case studies in which gender messages can be discerned. Philosophies will be presented in a literature review segment while case studies will be presented individually. As this study will demonstrate, the media has made some strides toward more positive representation, but there remains a great deal to be done before women are actually portrayed as equal by the mainstream structures of news media and advertising. The subject for the present study was suggested by an interest in discovering more about how the media functions as a tool of reinforcement of ‘traditional’ concepts regarding women. Although the modern world has obviously moved beyond the concepts of the woman as relegated to the home and family alone, these ideas continue to persist. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine if these persistent antiquated ideas of woman’s ‘rightful’ place were being reinforced through media channels so that I, as a future member of the media, can work to counteract these concepts if necessary. However, in looking to the media to discover the ways in which the female might be shaped and defined by the messages sent, the scope needed to be narrowed to a more manageable size. This

Making Organizational Theory and Design Effective Assignment

Making Organizational Theory and Design Effective - Assignment Example Additionally, each section can adopt best standards, approaches, and procedures for quality management. Primary organizational design approaches, however, may create conflicts between competing managers. The retail business is organized into functions and executives who could be having diverse interests head these sections; this may spur conflicts of interest in managing the retail business (Jones, 2013). The best organizational structure for the retail business is the team structure. Employees are divided into groups and each group work on assigned projects or develop solutions; the team leader reports the outcomes of the team to the management. Team structure encourages accountability, both within the team and to the management of the retail business. There are several organizational trends associated with the retail business; the trends that I fear most include flattening hierarchies and decentralizing responsibility. I think these trends may increase the number of people participating in decision-making, leading to complex processes of making management decisions. The trend that I could welcome is increasing adaptation. Increasing adaptation is the best trend for retail business of the 21st century because it has encouraged Wal-mart Inc., for example, to form focus groups, react to stakeholders’ concerns timely, and provides trainings crucial for continuous

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement Physical and financial capacity enhancement/capacity building of Indian railways over years To analyze how the physical capacity of Indian railways has enhanced over years. To examine financial capacity enhancement of Indian railways over years In our research we have considered two types of Capacity enhancements one is physical capacity and another one is financial capacity. Capacity enhancement has been defined in multiple ways; its ultimate purpose is to leave behind better skilled and oriented individuals, more responsive and effective institutions, and a better policy environment for pursuing development goals. Capacity enhancement at the institutional or policy level has three main ingredients The country’s resources and capabilities An enabling institutional environment Motivations and incentives/pressures that promote and help to sustain behavioral change Capacity utilization: Capacity utilization is a concept in economics and managerial accounting which refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. Thus, it refers to the relationship between actual output that is produced with the installed equipment and the potential output which could be produced with it, if capacity was fully used. If market demand grows, capacity utilization will rise. If demand weakens, capacity utilization will slacken. Economists and bankers often watch capacity utilization indicators for signs of inflation pressures. The capacity utilization rate is also an indicator of how efficiently thefactors of productionare being used. Economic efficiency: In economics, the term economic efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services. An economic system is said to be more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can provide more goods and services for society without using more resources. In absolute terms, a situation can be called economically efficient if: No one can be made better off without making someone else worse off (commonly referred to asPareto efficiency). No additional output can be obtained without increasing the amount of inputs. Production proceeds at the lowest possible per-unit cost. Technical efficiency: Technical efficiency means that natural resources are transformed into goods and services without waste, Situation where it is impossible for a firm to produce, with the given know how, (1) a larger output from the same inputs or (2) the same output with less of one or more inputs without increasing the amount of other input. Technical efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs is used to produce an output. A firm is said to be technically efficient if a firm is producing the maximum output from the minimum quantity of inputs, such as labor, capital and technology. Productivity: Productivity is a measure of the efficiency ofproduction. Productivity is a ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (inputs). The measure of productivity is defined as a total output per one unit of a total input. Physical capacity Railway stations Employees Route length Locomotives Total investment Capital at charge Passenger service vehicles Volume of traffic Other coaching vehicles Wagons (To calculate efficiency and productivity we must apply models and tests. Dan bogart and lathika have used cobb douglas production function to calculate efficiency in the operations. Alivelu used a model to calculate productivity. DEA may be used) Locomotives, coaches, wagons and other type of railway vehicles are together called as rolling stock, rolling stock originally referred to the vehicles that move on a railway, it usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles (Wikipedia). In In some countries the term is usually use to refer only to unpowered vehicles, specifically excluding locomotives which may be referred to as running stock, traction or motive power. In India all the railway vehicles are called as rolling stock. In simple language locomotive is also called as engine, it is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word locomotive originates from the Latin word loco which means from a place and motivus which means causing motion. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own and its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. A wagon is a large container on wheels which is pulled by a train. Goods wagons or freight wagons are unpowered railway vehicles that are used for the transportation of cargo. OTIF definition: a railway vehicle not provided with a means of traction, which is intended to carry goods. A passenger car is also known as bogie in India. It is a piece of railway rolling ,stock that is designed to carry passengers. The term passenger car is also associated with a sleeping car, baggage, dining, railway post office and prisoner transport cars. EMU DMU DHMU (EMU) A set of electrically powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets (DMU) A set of diesel-powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets. Such units, especially those consisting of a single vehicle, are sometimes termed railcars . A  diesel multiple unit  or  DMU  is a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country. Diesel-powered units may be further classified by their transmission type: diesel-electric (DEMU), diesel-mechanical (DMMU) or diesel-hydraulic (DHMU). Diesel-mechanical In a diesel-mechanical multiple unit (DMMU) the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a gearbox and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a car. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the great majority of first-generation British Rail DMUs, but in most applications gears are changed automatically. Diesel-hydraulic In a diesel-hydraulic multiple unit, a hydraulic torque converter, a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise. Diesel-electric In a diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) a diesel engine drives an electrical generator or an alternator which produces electrical energy. The generated current is then fed to electric traction motors on the wheels or bogies in the same way as a conventional diesel electric locomotive. [1] In modern DEMUs, such as the Bombardier Voyager family, each car is entirely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors. [1] In older designs, such as the British Rail Class 207, some cars within the consist may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electrical current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine. Year No. of railway stations Employees (in thousands) Route length (in kilometers) Total investment (in crore) Capital at charge 1980-81 7035 1572 61240 7448.4 6096.3 1981-82 7072 1575 61230 8164.3 6698.1 1982-83 7068 1584 61385 8882.2 7251.1 1983-84 7065 1592 61460 9401.4 7567.8 1984-85 7093 1603 61850 10377.3 8285.6 1985-86 7092 1613 61836 11492.0 9078.1 1986-87 7105 1611 61813 13306.9 10373.1 1987-88 7084 1618 61976 15177.6 11622.2 1988-89 7083 1626 61985 17239.4 12987.5 1989-90 7076 1647 62211 19730.6 14629.5 1990-91 7100 1652 62367 22200.5 16125.8 1991-92 7116 1654 65458 24808.4 17712.5 1992-93 7043 1646 62486 28524.3 20123.2 1993-94 7050 1625 62462 32212.0 22620.6 1994-95 7056 1602 62660 35618.2 24924.8 1995-96 7068 1587 62915 39816.0 27712.89 1996-97 6984 1584 62725 44627.3 30911.77 1997-98 6929 1579 62495 49057.8 33846.33 1998-99 6896 1578 62809 53657.6 36829.34 1999-00 6867 1577 62759 58353.4 39772.06 2000-01 6843 1545 63028 63341.01 43051.88 2001-02 6856 1511 63140 70117.47 47147.35 2002-03 6906 1472 63122 77915.78 51099.09 2003-04 7031 1442 63221 87474.50 56061.79 2004-05 7133 1424 63465 98490.02 59346.93 2005-06 6974 1412 63332 112180.41 66878.37 2006-07 6909 1398 63327 130168.71 76030.69 2007-08 7025 1394 63273 151434.35 88521.14 2008-09 7030 1386 64015 176726.41 104301.25 2009-10 7083 1362 63974 203315.37 123000.69 2010-11 7133 1328 64460 231615.25 143220.57 2011-12 7146 1306 64600 257958.35 161447.97 2012-13 2013-14 Source: statistical summary- Indian railways Year Passenger carriage EMU DMU DHMU Other coaching vehicles (in units) Wagons (in units) Locomotives(in units) steam diesel electric 1980-81 27410 2625 8230 400946 7469 2403 1036 1981-82 27192 2658 8058 392062 7245 2520 1104 1982-83 26894 2765 7840 383431 6292 2638 1157 1983-84 27311 2837 7751 374757 6217 2800 1194 1984-85 27793 2957 7789 365392 5870 2905 1252 1985-86 27735 2965 7543 359617 5571 3046 1302 1986-87 27629 2988 7336 354041 4950 3182 1366 1987-88 27466 2977 7274 346844 4427 3298 1433 1988-89 27715 3052 7077 345821 3826 3454 1533 1989-90 27969 3100 6861 349661 3336 3610 1644 1990-91 28677 3142 6668 346102 2915 3759 1743 1991-92 29469 3366 6491 346394 2492 3905 1871 1992-93 30298 3444 6158 337562 1725 4069 2012 1993-94 30537 3537 5955 312405 911 4192 2117 1994-95 30036 3618 5536 291360 358 4259 2302 1995-96 29472 3691 5694 280791 209 4313 2387 1996-97 29978 3846 5460 272144 85 4363 2527 1997-98 30739 3971 5432 263981 64 4496 2646 1998-99 31554 4076 5338 252944 58 4586 2785 1999-00 32208 4266 4891 234397 56 4651 2810 2000-01 33236 4668 4731 222193 54 4702 2810 2001-02 34338 4876 4827 216717 53 4815 2871 2002-03 34871 4957 4904 214760 52 4699 2930 2003-04 35654 5278 5519 227752 45 4769 3004 2004-05 37087 5388 5600 222409 44 4807 3065 2005-06 38156 5894 5612 207983 44 4793 3188 2006-07 38855 6454 5905 207723 43 4816 3294 2007-08 40696 6641 6180 204034 44 4843 3443 2008-09 42079 6984 5985 212835 43 4963 3586 2009-10 43526 7487 6477 220549 42 5022 3825 2010-11 45048 8053 6500 229997 43 5137 4033 2011-12 46688 8617 6560 239321 43 5197 4309 2012-13 Source: statistical summary- Indian railways Capacity enhancement in Passenger service Year No. of passenger origination( in million) Passenger kms (in million) Passenger earning (in crore) 1980-81 3613 208558 827.5 1981-82 3704 220787 988.6 1982-83 3655 226930 1161.6 1983-84 3325 222935 1351.9 1984-85 3333 226582 1456.8 1985-86 3433 240614 1719.4 1986-87 3594 256535 1939.7 1987-88 3792 269389 2058.1 1988-89 3500 263731 2453.4 1989-90 3653 280848 2666.4* 1990-91 3858 295644 3144.7* 1991-92 4049 314564 3681.6 1992-93 3749 300103 4311.2 1993-94 3708 296245 4891.2 1994-95 3915 319365 5458.8 1995-96 4018 341999 6113.0 1996-97 4153 357013 6616.1 1997-98 4348 379897 7554.0 1998-99 4411 403884 8526.7 1999-00 4585 430666 9555.6 2000-01 4833 457022 10483.2 2001-02 5093 490912 11162.2 2002-03 4971 515044 12540.8 2003-04 5112 541208 13259.8 2004-05 5378 575702 14072.52 2005-06 5725 615614 15080.77 2006-07 6219 694764 17176.01 2007-08 6524 769764 19783.25 2008-09 6920 838032 21866.48 2009-10 7246 903465 23414.44 2010-11 7651 978508 25705.64 2011-12 8224 1046522 28246.43 2012-13 Source: statistical summary- Indian railways Capacity enhancement in freight service Years Total traffic Tonnes originating (in millions) Total traffic net tonne kms (in millions) Earnings from freight carried 1980-81 220.0 158474 1550.9 1981-82 245.8 174202 2250.3 1982-83 256.0 177767 2865.9 1983-84 258.0 178446 3234.3 1984-85 264.8

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

AN INSPECTOR CALLS COMPARE THE LIVES OF EVA SIMTH AND SHEILA BIRLING â€Å"Property is that old fashioned way of thinking of a country as a thing and a collection of things on that thing.† This quote is taken directly from J.B.Priestleys late night post scripts on BBC radio in 1940, which were banned for being to critical of the governments actions, and can be used to sum up the capitalist view perfectly. I think this quote is made from the point of view of a capitalist who believes that the old-fashioned belief is to think of property as belonging the country and its people however the new belief, his belief, is that property can belong to individual people and not to the state or its people at all, and when a person owns his own property he can run it any way he sees fit. This is a belief which Priestly continually criticizes throughout his play. An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, the year the Second World War ended, but was set in 1911. The social climate of both years was of great unrest as was many areas of industry in Britain and many strikes took place all over the country much like the strike which took place in Mr. Birling’s factory. Priestley set the play in 1911 because of the onset of the First World War and he would be able to write the play with the advantage of hindsight, he could also make Mr. Birling look bad with his portentous beliefs and his promises of no war. He may have also set the play in 1911 because at this time he was 18 years old, working as a junior clerk in a wool firm and was about to gain his first insight into the differences between the social classes. The people he met at this age encouraged him to take part in their political arguments and discussions which were soon to influence his opinions and frame the values he was to later write about. These also led to him eventually attending university already politically aware at the age of 25. By writing the play 35 years after it was set, Priestley gave his audiences the advantage of hindsight. He wanted to do something about the injustices of society, and because only the middle and upper classes could afford to go to the theatre, his audiences were exactly the kind of people he was attacking. They were witnessing their own lives on stage and for them it may not have been a very pleasant thing to see. I believe that at the time only the middle and upper classes

Academic excellence guarantee successful life Essay

Nowadays academic excellence among the young is given much importance. While it is perfectly acceptable to strive to achieve good academic results, the notion that only academic excellence guarantees a successful life is not true. Students are pressured into taking more subjects than they can handle and this causes immense pressure among our young. The question is can this endeavour absolutely confirm a dynamic future? I disagree that academic excellence guarantee our successful life. This is because without academic excellence, people still can success in their life. With business also human can success. For example Bill Gates is the first founder of Microsoft in operating system computer. With create of the Microsoft computer and sell it he can become a successful businessman. Besides that, people can success with through use their talent that they have. For example, Dato’ Siti Nurhaliza our first singer in Malaysia become success with only use her talent without have academic excellence. From nothing, become popular and success as we know and see now. Besides as a singer, she also have own company. She also be the ambassador of beauty product. Finally, someone also can successful in life without high education through family background. For example someone that born of wealth families, that have own company. Without excellence academic around this line of business can still succeed as long as they can in good governance. Through family-owned business also someone still can success in their life. Overall, not necessarily without academic excellence a person can’t success in their life. That has other way someone can success without academic excellence such as through talent,business or with background family.

Computer Operating System

An operating system (OS) is like a facilitator, providing an environment for application programs to run in. It provides an interface between computer hardware and the user of the application programs. Application programs are a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request. Hardware are the physical devices that make up the system such as the monitor, keyboard, printer, ect. The OS typically includes anywhere from tens to thousands of built-in subroutines called functions which applications can call to perform basic tasks such as displaying a string of text on the screen or inputting a character from the keyboard. The OS allows the user to interact with and obtain information from the hardware through a series of layers. The command layer is the only part of the OS that interacts with the user and sometimes is referred to as the shell. It is the user†s interface to the OS in that the user can request system services via a Job Control Language (JCL), which is the set of commands and their syntax requirements, or through a GUI (Graphical User Interface), the newest command language. The command interpreter decides which services must be executed to process the request and passes these to the service layer. The service layer accepts the commands and translates them into detailed instructions. There is one service call for each number of system requests provided by this layer. It handles functions in process control, file control, and device control. It makes requests to drivers for access to the kernel layer, which interacts directly with the hardware. Input must travel through these layers to reach the hardware and the results must travel back. First and foremost, an operating system must provide a mechanism for starting processes, which most of us know as programs. There are two main types of operating systems: single-tasking and multitasking. DOS is an example of a single-tasking operating system, which simply means that it can only run one program at a time. Windows95 (or newer editions, prior editions were a GUI interface to DOS) is the most widely used multitasking operating system on PC†s. Multitasking means that many programs can run at the same time. The processor (CPU), which selects and executes instructions, must divide its time to each active application to make it appear that all are running at once. These types of operating systems contain schedulers that divide the processor†s time among active processes. The schedulers are located in the kernel. Each process has one or several threads of execution. Every few milliseconds the scheduler takes control of the CPU from the thread it is currently executing, uses a complex time-allocation algorithm to decide which thread should execute next, and continues executing the thread at the point where it was last interrupted. The next fundamental duty of an operating system is to manage the memory – or storage of data – available to it and its applications. The goal in memory management is to give each application the memory it needs without infringing upon memory used by other applications. When a program is loaded and ran, the OS allocates a block of memory to hold the program†s code and data. If a program requires additional memory, it can call a function in the operating system to request more. DOS does not handle memory very well because it runs in real mode, where only 1MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) is addressable. The RAM is volatile memory that stores the running applications but the information is lost when the computer is turned off. Windows95 does a much better job of managing memory because it runs in protected mode, which allows it to use all memory, including extended memory. And even when that much memory isn†t enough, it can make more available by creating virtual memory from free space (space that has nothing stored in it) on a hard disk (non-removable secondary storage hardware device). Virtual Memory is a memory management technique that only loads active portions of a program into main memory. Windows95 also takes steps to prevent an application from accessing memory that it does not own. In DOS, and application can write to someone else†s memory, including the operating system†s, which can crash the entire system. Windows95 runs applications in private address spaces that are logically isolated from each other and identify the start of the file. One of an operating system†s most important components is its file system – the part responsible for managing files stored on hard disks and other mass-storage devices. An operating system provides high-level functions that applications can call to control file I/O, which covers the opening, closing, creating, deleting, and renaming of files. To read a chunk of data from a file, the application calls an operating system function and passes the operating system the file handle (which uniquely identifies an open file), the address in memory where the data should be copied, and the number of bytes to copy. The OS has to identify each sector on the disk that holds a portion of the requested file and program the drive controller to retrieve the information, sector by sector. It has to do this efficiently so that the information is retrieved quickly. The OS finds the right locations on the disk because it keeps a map that contains the name of each file and a record of where it is stored. DOS and Windows95 use a file allocation table as a map to find the locations. Another role that operating systems play in making a computer work is controlling device I/O. A device is a piece of hardware such as a video adapter, keyboard, or mouse. To talk to a device, a program must speak the device†s language, which usually consists of streams of 1†³s and 0†³s. There are thousands of different devices and â€Å"languages†, so the OS helps out by serving as an interpreter. It talks to the devices through device drivers, which are interface programs specially designed for each individual I/O device. Most operating systems like Windows95 come with dozens of different drivers for each I/O device. DOS also uses drivers, but they are often so primitive that the applications perform device I/O by relying on low-level routines encoded in ROM (Read Only Memory – allows the data to be read but not written) in the computer†s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or by talking directly to the hardware. Computer Operating System An operating system (OS) is like a facilitator, providing an environment for application programs to run in. It provides an interface between computer hardware and the user of the application programs. Application programs are a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request. Hardware are the physical devices that make up the system such as the monitor, keyboard, printer, ect. The OS typically includes anywhere from tens to thousands of built-in subroutines called functions which applications can call to perform basic tasks such as displaying a string of text on the screen or inputting a character from the keyboard. The OS allows the user to interact with and obtain information from the hardware through a series of layers. The command layer is the only part of the OS that interacts with the user and sometimes is referred to as the shell. It is the user†s interface to the OS in that the user can request system services via a Job Control Language (JCL), which is the set of commands and their syntax requirements, or through a GUI (Graphical User Interface), the newest command language. The command interpreter decides which services must be executed to process the request and passes these to the service layer. The service layer accepts the commands and translates them into detailed instructions. There is one service call for each number of system requests provided by this layer. It handles functions in process control, file control, and device control. It makes requests to drivers for access to the kernel layer, which interacts directly with the hardware. Input must travel through these layers to reach the hardware and the results must travel back. First and foremost, an operating system must provide a mechanism for starting processes, which most of us know as programs. There are two main types of operating systems: single-tasking and multitasking. DOS is an example of a single-tasking operating system, which simply means that it can only run one program at a time. Windows95 (or newer editions, prior editions were a GUI interface to DOS) is the most widely used multitasking operating system on PC†s. Multitasking means that many programs can run at the same time. The processor (CPU), which selects and executes instructions, must divide its time to each active application to make it appear that all are running at once. These types of operating systems contain schedulers that divide the processor†s time among active processes. The schedulers are located in the kernel. Each process has one or several threads of execution. Every few milliseconds the scheduler takes control of the CPU from the thread it is currently executing, uses a complex time-allocation algorithm to decide which thread should execute next, and continues executing the thread at the point where it was last interrupted. The next fundamental duty of an operating system is to manage the memory – or storage of data – available to it and its applications. The goal in memory management is to give each application the memory it needs without infringing upon memory used by other applications. When a program is loaded and ran, the OS allocates a block of memory to hold the program†s code and data. If a program requires additional memory, it can call a function in the operating system to request more. DOS does not handle memory very well because it runs in real mode, where only 1MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) is addressable. The RAM is volatile memory that stores the running applications but the information is lost when the computer is turned off. Windows95 does a much better job of managing memory because it runs in protected mode, which allows it to use all memory, including extended memory. And even when that much memory isn†t enough, it can make more available by creating virtual memory from free space (space that has nothing stored in it) on a hard disk (non-removable secondary storage hardware device). Virtual Memory is a memory management technique that only loads active portions of a program into main memory. Windows95 also takes steps to prevent an application from accessing memory that it does not own. In DOS, and application can write to someone else†s memory, including the operating system†s, which can crash the entire system. Windows95 runs applications in private address spaces that are logically isolated from each other and identify the start of the file. One of an operating system†s most important components is its file system – the part responsible for managing files stored on hard disks and other mass-storage devices. An operating system provides high-level functions that applications can call to control file I/O, which covers the opening, closing, creating, deleting, and renaming of files. To read a chunk of data from a file, the application calls an operating system function and passes the operating system the file handle (which uniquely identifies an open file), the address in memory where the data should be copied, and the number of bytes to copy. The OS has to identify each sector on the disk that holds a portion of the requested file and program the drive controller to retrieve the information, sector by sector. It has to do this efficiently so that the information is retrieved quickly. The OS finds the right locations on the disk because it keeps a map that contains the name of each file and a record of where it is stored. DOS and Windows95 use a file allocation table as a map to find the locations. Another role that operating systems play in making a computer work is controlling device I/O. A device is a piece of hardware such as a video adapter, keyboard, or mouse. To talk to a device, a program must speak the device†s language, which usually consists of streams of 1†³s and 0†³s. There are thousands of different devices and â€Å"languages†, so the OS helps out by serving as an interpreter. It talks to the devices through device drivers, which are interface programs specially designed for each individual I/O device. Most operating systems like Windows95 come with dozens of different drivers for each I/O device. DOS also uses drivers, but they are often so primitive that the applications perform device I/O by relying on low-level routines encoded in ROM (Read Only Memory – allows the data to be read but not written) in the computer†s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or by talking directly to the hardware.

Jan Matzeliger and the History of Shoe Production

Jan Matzeliger and the History of Shoe Production Jan Matzeliger was an immigrant cobbler working in a shoe factory in New England when he invented a new process that changed shoe-making forever.   Early Life Jan Matzeliger was born in in 1852  in Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (known today as Suriname). He was a shoemaker by trade, the son of a Surinamese homemaker and a Dutch engineer. The younger Matzeliger showed an interest in mechanics and began working in his dad’s machine shop at the age of ten. Matzeliger left Guiana at age 19, joining a merchant ship. Two years later, in 1873, he settled in Philadelphia. As a dark-skinned man with little command of English, Matzeliger struggled to survive.  With the help of his tinkering ability and support from a local black church, he eked out a living and eventually began working for a cobbler. A "Lasting" Impact on Shoe-Making At this time the shoe industry in America was centered in Lynn, Massachusetts, and Matzeliger traveled there and eventually landed a job at a shoe factory operating a sole-sewing machine that was used to stitch different pieces of a shoe together. The final stage of shoemaking at this timeattaching the upper part of a shoe to the sole, a process called â€Å"lasting† was a time-consuming task that was done by hand.   Matzeliger believed that lasting could be done by machine and set about devising just how that might work. His shoe lasting machine adjusted the shoe leather upper snugly over the mold, arranged the leather under the sole and pinned it in place with nails while the sole was stitched to the leather upper. The Lasting Machine revolutionized the shoe industry. Instead of taking 15 minutes to last a shoe, a sole could be attached in one minute. The efficiency of the machine resulted in mass production- a single machine could last 700 shoes in a day, compared to 50 by a hand laster- and lower prices. Jan Matzeliger obtained a patent for his invention in 1883. Tragically, he developed tuberculosis not long after and died at the age 37. He left his stock holdings to his friends and to the First Church of Christ in Lynn, Massachusetts.

Why Content Marketing Writing is a Fantastic Opportunity for Writers

Why Content Marketing Writing is a Fantastic Opportunity for Writers You’re a freelance writer. Sometimes you make good money with your writing, sometimes great money, sometimes nothing. You love the work, but you hate being dependent on a fluctuating income. You’ve heard about this new-fangled thing called content marketing and how other writers make fantastic money doing it. You’d like in on that. Or perhaps you’ve already dipped your toes into business writing and content marketing writing waters, liked it and want more of where that came from. So, what is content marketing writing and why should you care? The Opportunity Basically, businesses realized that with so much advertising vying for consumers’ attention and a lot of it being ignored, ordinary advertising wasn’t a great way to engage potential customers anymore. But, what is? If you’re a Walmart or a Tesco, a free monthly magazine with tips on how to keep your home smelling nice and a few recipes with ingredients available at this particular supermarket (hint, hint) might be enough to attract customers to buy those ingredients, but to keep the brand image fresh and positive in their minds as well. That’s content marketing. Who’s writing those articles and recipes? Freelance writers. Like me. And you. Opportunities for Freelance Writers You’ve heard it said before, but there’s never been a more profitable time to be a freelance writer. Don’t listen to the naysayers telling you that $50 blog posts and 10-cents-a-word reprints are all that’s available to a freelance writer. It’s not. I’m a freelance writer who built my career writing for US and UK publications from India, and I averaged $400 an hour on my last content marketing assignment, so if you’re living in the UK or the US, the only reason you’re not making good money writing articles is because you haven’t yet found the right tools and information. As businesses further understand the importance of good content, they increasingly invest more money in hiring writers to create that content. These businesses are both large and small - I’ve written content for large multinational financial services firms as well as small retail stores - but they may not even be businesses at all. Associations, non-profit organizations, even governments are beginning to understand how to use content marketing to further their goals and connect. And they need good writers to do so. What’s in it For You? Let’s not beat around the bush. You want to know how much you’re going to earn, right? Because another $50 a pop â€Å"opportunity† isn’t something you’re interested in. As the editor and publisher of The International Freelancer (TheInternationalFreelancer.com), I get dozens of emails a week asking if there’s anything better out there. This is where it gets interesting. Like most freelancing, the pay varies across businesses (large corporation or small restaurant), industries (financial firm or environmental non-profit), and your level of experience. But unlike freelancing, I’ve found content marketing to pay a lot more as you move up the ladder. One to two dollars a word is pretty standard with businesses that know what they’re doing. And because these businesses equate time and efficiency to money, your work is much quicker to get published, there are fewer edits, and pay is immediate. More money and less aggravation with similar work. That’s why I think freelance writers should consider adding content marketing writing to their freelance mix.

Acceptance of refugees

Acceptance of refugees After World War II, the United Nations was instituted and one of their tasks was to set up universal regulations and laws to define the status and rights of refugees. The U.N. High Commission for Refugees organized in 1951 received a three-year mandate to solve postwar refugee problems and was renewed thereafter for five-year periods. Nevertheless, new scope of responsibilities, definitions and restrictions followed with the institution of new conventions and proposals. As of today, the number of refugees remains at an increasing rate and laws have never been stricter and tougher. The refugee crisis remains an ongoing and delicate issue. It encompasses a global predicament that leaves humanity physically and emotionally scarred. Laws that deal with refugee issues are firmer and concerning from different political groups. There were so many real and reel concerns that has been raised and the negative reactions from different nations has become contagious. Throughout history, acceptance of refugees revolved around issues of morality, economics, security and political delineations. We have yet to bypass these obstacles to continue to preserve the unity that has once been restored. Anne Frank is an ordinary girl living her prime as a teenager in a place that other girls of her age would never imagine to be; a place void of fun, dignity, freedom and normalcy. In spite of the living situation she and her family is in, Anne kept abreast of the horror outside of the four walls of the hidden annex and put her perception and unfaltering hope into writing. The diary that was given to her as a gift on her 13th birthday linked the dreads and fears of her own and the outside world during her time. She hang on to that flicker of hope that someday, it will all come to pass. Little did anyone know that a thirteen year old girl will turn out to be a representation of a universal message and her diary an instrument of appeal for equality in dignity and acceptance of each other regardless of our differences. One would have thought after witnessing and/or reading about the horrors of the one of the most devastating part of history, that the world has learned its lesson. The holocaust may now be a thing of the past, a part of history; however, there still are many Anne Frank and her family in different parts of the world being judged, discriminated upon and maltreated. Desperately trying to search for humane treatment, they chose to seek shelter in other nations hoping for a newfound home. Anne Frank’s legacy through her diary stirred an awakening on one of the most distressing part in history and a reflection on how we can make a change to prevent its recurrence. Anne Frank finds freedom in her diary. It is in her writings that silence is broken and autonomy sets in. Reading between the lines, one can find a soulful account of the joy, fear, hope, desperation and a plea. Anne Franks story calls for respect to dignity and equality. Having the courage to face our fears will set the trend in breaking the stigma attached to the refugees. No one ever has to face being judged and discriminated upon based on gender, race, beliefs and faith. The best gift you can give the future is to do something worthwhile in the present. The Catalyst program of Regis supports humanitarian causes through downright expression in words and deeds. We reach out to different countries in need raising funds and awareness to ensure optimization of health and education for those in need. With passion for a great cause, we hope to expand the mission and express the vision worldwide. Together, let us open our minds and listen to our hearts in promoting an attitude of universal acceptance and continue to advocate for the preservation of democracy and human rights for all.

The Role of Ethics in Professional Accounting Essay

The Role of Ethics in Professional Accounting - Essay Example Ethical behavior itself is affected by several factors. When speaking specifically about a career, one of the most influential factors on ethical behavior are gender and education. The extent to which these factors influence ethical behavior for any given career has received widespread attention in recent years. The accounting field is not left out. The task is to show that there exists a liaison between accounting and the way gender, (sex) and education affect ethical behavior. Ethical and professional accounting forms a clear financial image of a business, and allows managers to make informed decisions, keeps investors abreast of developments in the business, and keeps the business profitable.1 Operating information is relative to the day-to-day running of the organization. Pay tracks, information of the evolution of liabilities and assets, inventories on goods, follow-up of customers and suppliers; these are only a few of the day-to-day activities in an enterprise. Financial accounting information on its own part concerns information such as the evolution of liabilities and assets. This information is used by stakeholders to analyze the progress of the organization in attaining its set objectives. In this light, shareholders would want to know if they would be benefiting from the business while banks who want to know if their money would be refunded. ... Financial accounting information on its own part concerns information such as the evolution of liabilities and assets. This information is used by stakeholders to analyze the progress of the organization in attaining its set objectives. In this light, shareholders would want to know if they would be benefiting from the business while banks who want to know if their money would be refunded. All information relative to financial accounting is arranged in what is known as bookkeeping. In effect, booking can be defined as: maintenance of systematic and convenient records of money transactions in order to show the condition of a business enterprise. The essential purpose of bookkeeping is to reveal the amounts and sources of the losses and profits for any given period. Proper bookkeeping should also reveal the nature and value of the assets and liabilities of a firm, as well as its net worth at the close of that period.3 Your last name 4. Managerial information is provided to the managers of the organization in a well prepared and easy to comprehend form so as to enable them make informed decisions that would shape the future of the enterprise or organization. As a result of its importance, the accounting of an enterprise is imperatively handled by a professional (accountant) whose (professional) work 'requires specialized and theoretical knowledge, acquired through college training or comparable work experience'.4 Professional work in accounting requires the examination, analysis and interpretation of records. Examples of such work include the:modification and implementation of manual and automated accounting systems to meet the specific fiscal requirements of an agency,development and revision of policies to improve accounting control and efficiency,

Retail at the speed of fashion (case study) Essay

Retail at the speed of fashion (case study) - Essay Example On the other hand, Zara has individually owned manufacturing units in and around Spain. It has full control over the manufacturing facilities giving them better flexibility. Only the raw materials like undyed fabric are purchased from countries like India and Morocco. The dependence on the suppliers is minimal for Zara. Buyer Power- An industry like fashion is characterized by very high buyer power. The power of the buyers is not in terms of bargaining but in terms of taste and preferences, which can change very swiftly. Zara has a well-dedicated designing team, which produces about 12,000 styles per year. This helps Zara to respond to changes quickly. Threat of Substitutes- Trends in fashion lasts for a very short period. It is substituted by a newer trend. Zara has maintained its position in the industry because it continuously changes to newer trend. It reacts faster than that of the other companies in the business. Barriers to entry- A new company coming into the industry will need a lot of time to be successful. The Capital requirement is high in the industry and one of the most important factors is the Brand identity. These factors create barriers to entry in the industry and there will be very few new competitors in the global scenario. Degree of Rivalry- Zara is a globally accepted brand, which is targeted to all sectors of the society. Brands like Gucci and Armani are more coveted brands not affordable to all. The other companies falling in the category of Zara are Gap, Hennes & Mauritz etc. The competition among these brands is not intense. Moreover, Zara has the competitive advantage of the least response time. The generic strategies developed by Porter states that the profitability of the firm depends on the industry attractiveness. Strengths of a firm can be categorized mainly under two heads- cost advantage and differentiation. By applying

Freud and dreams The thoughts of Freud and association of dreams Essay

Freud and dreams The thoughts of Freud and association of dreams - Essay Example A theme of the paper is that the great contributor gave central importance to understanding individual meaning. He also addressed the challenges of understanding increasing developmental complexity, although neither acknowledged the challenge in these terms. The latter consideration frames a portrayal of the limitations of the ideas of each from our contemporary perspective. A final section of the paper looks to the future, invoking the creative spirit of these scientific ancestors as part of today's living history. I ask what the approaches of Freud offer us as we address the challenges of increasing complexity and seek new developmental advances in the 21st century. Freud's living contributions draw our attention to the meaning of individual experience. They tell us that much about the course of human development and its vicissitudes can be described in terms of lawful principles; priority, however, must be given to investigating individuality. In the discussion that follows in this paper, I shall emphasize Freud's influence on some key trends in today's developmental psychology, giving only brief mention to the history of child development between Freud's time and ours. It is hoped, however, that engaging in this kind of "back-to-the-future" journey will provide us with both pleasure and some fresh insights. Freud was a p DISCUSSION Freud was a practicing clinician who learned early that variations in private meaning cannot be taken for granted. Related to this point is another straightforward one, which, like the first, continues to permeate our developmental dialectics even today. This concerns the reality of psychic life and the assertion that understanding an individual's unique life and living perspective is worthy of both study and therapeutic attention. Strong contemporary statements of both points for developmental psychology can be seen in Bruner (2000) and in Stern (2003). PLAY Play offers a good way to begin taking a fresh look at Freud. We can envision Freud attending to the meaning of individual experience and theorizing in ways that are both simple and profound. Writing in 1920, Freud described observations of his 1 -year-old grandson who lived with him for some weeks. He commented that the child was not at all precocious in language development and frequently threw things away from himself-for example, in a corner or under a bed. On these occasions, the child often pronounced a long, drawn-out "Oooo"-an utterance that the child's mother and Freud agreed seemed to represent the German word fort (i.e., gone). One day I made an observation. The child had a wooden reel with a piece of string tied round it. what he did was to hold the reel by the string and very skillfully throw it over the edge of his curtained cot, so that it disappeared into it, at the same time uttering his expressive "Oooo." He then pulled the reel out of the cot again by the string and hailed its reappearance with a joyful "Da" (there). This, then, was the complete game-disappearance and return. As a rule, one only witnessed its first act, which was repeated untiringly as the game in itself, for there is no doubt that the greater pleasure was attached to the second act. (Freud, 1920/2003a. p. 15) Freud added a footnote to this work in which he documents a subsequent observation that seemed to confirm his

Analyze a Category of Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyze a Category of Advertisements - Essay Example Multiple methods of advertising reaches out to the most people possible. To determine whether these marketing tactics work, a return on the dollar ratio is calculated by each company's marketing team. When looking for certain advertisements to categorize together, it was easy to see that many of them are somewhat similar depending on the product. Fragrance advertisements all look the same with any celebrity aiming to make a dollar has a fragrance line up and coming. Celebrities are also used to endorse a wide variety of products of anything from make up with spokespeople such as Drew Barrymore and Ellen DeGeneres to tennis shoes endorsed by popular athletes such as Michael Jordan. When trying to evaluate which genre of advertising to choose to analyze, I decided upon weight loss program advertisements. This includes weight loss supplements and dieting programs and can even combine that with fitness programs that guarantee that people will get ripped bodies in just a matter of a few m onths. The many avenues for advertising include billboards, television, radio, mobile advertisements, online advertising and print advertisements in newspapers and magazines. When analyzing weight loss program advertisements, various products are marketed on virtually every avenue. The products range from crash diets and magic pills to lifestyle changing diets and workout regimens. For this genre, the marketing processes are all across the board, targeting a variety of people. As Americans, with obesity on the rise, many of these weight loss programs can appeal to a variety of different audiences. However, they are all effective in their own way, appealing to audiences of different ages and both male and female either for an instant weight loss change or one that is more gradual and requires discipline. One advertisement that I have seen rather frequently is one that appears in many celebrity gossip magazines. The product is NV and it promises the product buyer that a person can dro p one jean size in two weeks. The advertisement is endorsed by former Playboy bunny and ex-girlfriend of Hugh Hefner, Holly Madison. She can be categorized herself as a 30-something year old bombshell. Already thin, the advertisement shows Holly Madison heading to a grocery store in an already too tight shirt with a little bit of belly flab hanging out. In the advertisement, it has her own caption written stating that she looked awful in that picture and after using NV got her body back. She is then pictured looking slim and glamorous and the product is called one that acts fast and that it is one of Hollywood's secrets of the stars who need to lose weight immediately. The advertisement prominently displays Holly Madison's hot new body after using a weight loss product and also shows a smaller photo of the actual product. It advertises which major chain retailers that the product can be found and also gives a web address for those looking at the advertisement and says that a person may be able to try a bottle for free. While flipping through other magazines of this same type, celebrity gossip, the same advertisement can be found throughout. Some of them are single spreads and some are even a full three pages of full color advertisements showing the beauty and glamour of being able able to drop weight fast just like the celebrities do. Readers of this type of magazine are typically female and based on the

Article reflection in urben design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article reflection in urben design - Essay Example I like using my smart phone during travel times. I see my travel time as a good way to do those things which I would otherwise be unable to while in the house or in otherwise busy environments such as the classroom or at work. I can say for sure that Smart phones have really changed my travelling experience. Not only can I search for different things as I travel around, but am also able to catch up with news from online sources. Armed with a smart phone, my commuting episodes are always an interesting and productive. The time I use in a public transport medium is never wasted because I use it to do other things such as researching for my course. The things I can do while using a public means of transport range from playing my favourite Smartphone games, to catching up with news from digital versions of the major newspapers. Watching videos online is also an important part of the things which I do during the travel time. On my travels, I also realise that am not the only one who is be nefiting from the portable technologies. Although I personally only use my Smartphone and rarely carries other portable devices such as tablet computers, I realise that most people these days are carrying portable devices on their travels. These digital devices include laptops and tablet computers and these people are never shy to use these devices (Schwieterman 30-35). These people are usually busy on their digital devices, usually with earphones tagged to their ears which mean that they are listening to something. When travelling, I usually like listening to my favourite FM especially during the breakfast shows or the drive-on shows in the evening. I listen to my favourite FM but during the times when there is nothing interesting to listen to, I can listen to my favourite music on the phone. I also like listening to podcasts which I also download online. There is one trend which I have realised with me. For instance, I have noticed that I rarely do the things which I do with my ph one when I am in the house. When am in the house, I rarely ever listen to radio or podcasts. I only find these things interesting when am travelling as a way to keep myself busy. However, listening to music and podcasts are not the only things I do with my phone. I do extensive useful work such as researching for my course. With easy use of internet on my iPhone, I find it easy to be able to use the internet for research. I am very fond of reading articles online on my phone while listening to music on the background. This helps me to pass time and to be able to travel in ease. I also play games as I have installed a number of apps for gaming on my phone. The list of the things I can do on my phone are endless. Most of these activities I only engage when using public transport, not only to pass time, but also to relax myself. I have found public transport very relaxing because I can engage in whatever things I want to do unlike when I am driving. Driving, while at some times enjoyab le, has its own share of troubles. For example a flat tyre always seems to come at the most incontinent of times. The occasional speeding ticket and other minor incontinences also make driving a wreck in most cases. On the other hand, travelling through public transport means that I can sit back and relax and wait for my destination to come to me. Using

Freud and dreams The thoughts of Freud and association of dreams Essay

Freud and dreams The thoughts of Freud and association of dreams - Essay Example A theme of the paper is that the great contributor gave central importance to understanding individual meaning. He also addressed the challenges of understanding increasing developmental complexity, although neither acknowledged the challenge in these terms. The latter consideration frames a portrayal of the limitations of the ideas of each from our contemporary perspective. A final section of the paper looks to the future, invoking the creative spirit of these scientific ancestors as part of today's living history. I ask what the approaches of Freud offer us as we address the challenges of increasing complexity and seek new developmental advances in the 21st century. Freud's living contributions draw our attention to the meaning of individual experience. They tell us that much about the course of human development and its vicissitudes can be described in terms of lawful principles; priority, however, must be given to investigating individuality. In the discussion that follows in this paper, I shall emphasize Freud's influence on some key trends in today's developmental psychology, giving only brief mention to the history of child development between Freud's time and ours. It is hoped, however, that engaging in this kind of "back-to-the-future" journey will provide us with both pleasure and some fresh insights. Freud was a p DISCUSSION Freud was a practicing clinician who learned early that variations in private meaning cannot be taken for granted. Related to this point is another straightforward one, which, like the first, continues to permeate our developmental dialectics even today. This concerns the reality of psychic life and the assertion that understanding an individual's unique life and living perspective is worthy of both study and therapeutic attention. Strong contemporary statements of both points for developmental psychology can be seen in Bruner (2000) and in Stern (2003). PLAY Play offers a good way to begin taking a fresh look at Freud. We can envision Freud attending to the meaning of individual experience and theorizing in ways that are both simple and profound. Writing in 1920, Freud described observations of his 1 -year-old grandson who lived with him for some weeks. He commented that the child was not at all precocious in language development and frequently threw things away from himself-for example, in a corner or under a bed. On these occasions, the child often pronounced a long, drawn-out "Oooo"-an utterance that the child's mother and Freud agreed seemed to represent the German word fort (i.e., gone). One day I made an observation. The child had a wooden reel with a piece of string tied round it. what he did was to hold the reel by the string and very skillfully throw it over the edge of his curtained cot, so that it disappeared into it, at the same time uttering his expressive "Oooo." He then pulled the reel out of the cot again by the string and hailed its reappearance with a joyful "Da" (there). This, then, was the complete game-disappearance and return. As a rule, one only witnessed its first act, which was repeated untiringly as the game in itself, for there is no doubt that the greater pleasure was attached to the second act. (Freud, 1920/2003a. p. 15) Freud added a footnote to this work in which he documents a subsequent observation that seemed to confirm his

Article reflection in urben design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article reflection in urben design - Essay Example I like using my smart phone during travel times. I see my travel time as a good way to do those things which I would otherwise be unable to while in the house or in otherwise busy environments such as the classroom or at work. I can say for sure that Smart phones have really changed my travelling experience. Not only can I search for different things as I travel around, but am also able to catch up with news from online sources. Armed with a smart phone, my commuting episodes are always an interesting and productive. The time I use in a public transport medium is never wasted because I use it to do other things such as researching for my course. The things I can do while using a public means of transport range from playing my favourite Smartphone games, to catching up with news from digital versions of the major newspapers. Watching videos online is also an important part of the things which I do during the travel time. On my travels, I also realise that am not the only one who is be nefiting from the portable technologies. Although I personally only use my Smartphone and rarely carries other portable devices such as tablet computers, I realise that most people these days are carrying portable devices on their travels. These digital devices include laptops and tablet computers and these people are never shy to use these devices (Schwieterman 30-35). These people are usually busy on their digital devices, usually with earphones tagged to their ears which mean that they are listening to something. When travelling, I usually like listening to my favourite FM especially during the breakfast shows or the drive-on shows in the evening. I listen to my favourite FM but during the times when there is nothing interesting to listen to, I can listen to my favourite music on the phone. I also like listening to podcasts which I also download online. There is one trend which I have realised with me. For instance, I have noticed that I rarely do the things which I do with my ph one when I am in the house. When am in the house, I rarely ever listen to radio or podcasts. I only find these things interesting when am travelling as a way to keep myself busy. However, listening to music and podcasts are not the only things I do with my phone. I do extensive useful work such as researching for my course. With easy use of internet on my iPhone, I find it easy to be able to use the internet for research. I am very fond of reading articles online on my phone while listening to music on the background. This helps me to pass time and to be able to travel in ease. I also play games as I have installed a number of apps for gaming on my phone. The list of the things I can do on my phone are endless. Most of these activities I only engage when using public transport, not only to pass time, but also to relax myself. I have found public transport very relaxing because I can engage in whatever things I want to do unlike when I am driving. Driving, while at some times enjoyab le, has its own share of troubles. For example a flat tyre always seems to come at the most incontinent of times. The occasional speeding ticket and other minor incontinences also make driving a wreck in most cases. On the other hand, travelling through public transport means that I can sit back and relax and wait for my destination to come to me. Using

Shakespeare in Love a Film by John Madden Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare in Love a Film by John Madden Essay Write down 20 words that will help you remembering the plot of the film. Theatre, Queen Elizabeth, actors, audition, Thomas Kent, Viola, complicated/forbidden love, Wessex is going to marry Viola, Christopher Marlowe gets killed, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† * Describe William Shakespeare as a character in the film William’s character in the film a lot like Romeo’s. William is also charming, handsome and in love with a woman he’s not allowed to be with. * Why can’t William and Viola have each other? William is poor. He’s an actor and play writer. He’s a man who is struggling to get great money out of his work. Viola is the exact opposite. She and her family are rich and live in a big house. She even has her own nurse that takes care of her like she was her own daughter. That’s properly one of the reasons why they can’t be together; they live so different lifes, but also because William is already married and Viola promised to marry the dour Lord Wessex. I think it’s mostly, because she has to marry the dour Lord Wessex. * What does â€Å"Break a leg† mean? When you work at a theater, you usually use the expression â€Å"Break a leg†, when you’re about to make a performances because it means good look. * What impression did you get of the time when the story takes place? The way people dress, behave and talk. * How does the meeting with Viola De Lesseps change Will? A short time before William even meets Viola. He thought that, he had lost his gift. The moment he meets her, his beautiful words with just flew out his mouth like he was born too write wonderful poems. * When does Will realize that Thomas Kent is Viola? Viola is sitting on the boat as Thomas Kent and William is sitting there too and while the two of them is having passionate conversation about the love for one and other (William thinks he is speaking to the actor Thomas Kent). Viola can’t hold the secret from him anymore, because she knows that she can’t be with him any longer. And before she even thinks, she kisses him. * Why does Will think that he has killed a man? Will was the one the dour Lord Wessex wanted dead. The dour Lord Wessex knew William as Christopher Marlowe, so he sent out his â€Å"people† to kill Christopher Marlowe. Will felt guilty because if he didn’t pretend to be Christopher he wouldn’t have been killed because of him. * Why does Christopher Marlowe die? William pretended to be Christopher Marlowe, when the dour Lord Wessex demanded to know who he was. Right after he had had a romantic dance with the beautiful Viola at the dancing. I think Lord Wessex was jealous, when he saw the connection between Will and Viola. * Do you see any connections between â€Å"Romeo Juliet† and the romance between Will and Viola? I definitely see the connection. When I see Will and Viola, I see Romeo and Juliet. The characters look so much alike. When Will wrote about Romeo and Juliet and their love for each other he was properly writing about his own love affair with Viola. He only changed the names. I believe that is why the connections are so huge. * How did you like the ending of the film? The ending is very classic. And what I like about the ending of the film is that it ends well for the protagonist and terrible for the bad people in the film. * Write a review of the film. How many stars would you give it – why? Give good reasons†¦ Shakespeare in love is a movie that take us to the great love affair William Shakespeare had at the time, he was writing one of his most famous plays. We get to understand where William got all his inspiration from to write the amazing play, and how people in this life are based on the characters in the play including him. **** â€Å"A comedy that is based on true love†

Niels Bohr Father Of Quantum Physics Philosophy Essay

Niels Bohr Father Of Quantum Physics Philosophy Essay Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist born in Copenhagen on October 7th 1885. His father, Christian Bohr, was a college professor at Copenhagen University. Bohr had one younger brother named Harald, who was a mathematician, and a sister named Jennifer (Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr married Margrethe Norlund in 1912 and had six children. Unfortunately two were lost, but the remaining four would become very successful like their father. Aage followed in his fathers footsteps as a physicist, receiving the Nobel peace prize in 1975 for his collective model of the nucleus. His other sons would become a chemist, lawyer and physician (the bohr model). Bohr began his education at Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, later entering Copenhagen University where he received his masters in physics in 1909. Soon after, in 1911, he received his doctorate. His doctors disputation was a theoretical work on the explanation of the properties of the metals with the aid of electron theory. It remains a classic to this day. The same year he received his doctorate, Bohr traveled to Cambridge where he studied under JJ Thompson. Unfortunately, they did not get along, so in 1912 he traveled to Manchester to study under Earnest Rutherford. It was here that he completed a theoretical work on the absorption of alpha rays that was published in Philosophical Magazine in 1913. Working off some of Rutherfords discoveries about the atomic nucleus, Bohr was able to develop a working model of the atom (Niels bohr, 1992). Perhaps Bohrs most important work was that with the model of the atom. Bohrs model, sometimes referred to as the planetary model, was able to provide explanation for concepts that were previously indescribable. Working off Rutherfords previous work, Bohr was able to successfully explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. While Rutherfords model focused mainly on the nucleus, Bohr paid greater attention to electrons. The previous model of the atom stated an electron was an orbiting planet. The problem in this flawed model was that the electron, moving in a circular path, would be accelerating. Acceleration would create a change in magnetic field, which would in turn carry energy away from the nucleus. The electron would eventually slow and be captured by the nucleus. Bohrs model expanded upon Rutherfords and solved many flaws of the previous model (The Bohr model,). Bohr discovered that the atom consisted of a small, positive nucleus, with negatively charged electrons traveling around it due to the electrostatic force of coulombs law. (Matthews 2010). Bohr stated that electrons travel only in successively larger orbits. The outer orbits hold more electrons that the inner ones and its the outer orbits that determine the atoms chemical properties (Niels bohr, 1992). Although Bohrs model eliminated many problems of earlier renderings, it was not without its own flaws. Bohrs model violated the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle because it states that electrons have both a known orbit and radius. It also made poor predictions about the spectra of larger atoms, did not predict the relative intensities of spectral lines, provided an incorrect value for the ground state orbital angular momentum, did not explain fine structures and hyperfine structures in spectral lines and did not explain the Zeeman effect (Bohr model of the atom,). The Zeeman Effect is the splitting of a spectral line by a magnetic field (Foley). Even with these problems, Bohrs model was still important for laying a foundation for future study. Erwin Schrodingers electron could model, made possible by quantum mechanics, and would come to outdate the Bohr model in the 1920s (Niels bohr, 2009). Along with his structural model of the atom, Bohr was able to explain how atoms emit radiation. He suggested that when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to an inner one, it will emit light. His research found the wavelength of the emitted light is the same as the photon that carries the energy difference between the two orbits. This showed that atoms can only absorb and emit at certain wavelengths. This theory was later expanded into quantum mechanics (Niels bohr,). In 1930 Bohr changed his focus to the constitution of atomic nuclei along with their transmutations and integrations. He found that a liquid droplet would give a very good picture of the nucleus. He developed the liquid droplet theory which helped clarify and provide understanding of the mechanics of nuclear fission and the splitting of the uranium atom. This theory would provide an important basis for future studies in this field by Hahn and Strassmann (Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr was well known for his concept of complementarily. It helped to clarify some of the problems that he found in quantum physics. The theory stated that wave and particle aspects of nature are complementary and cannot both be true at the same time (Niels bohr,). In other words something must have either wave or particle like properties, not both. The concept of complementarity stated that classical concepts such as space-time location and energy-momentum, which in classical physics were always combined into a single picture, cannot be so combined in quantum physics (Complementarity principle,). In certain situations, the use of one certain classical concept will exclude the use of another classical concept. Bohrs views on the Principle on Complementarity were represented in a number of different essays he wrote from 1933-1926 (Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr was equally famous for his correspondence principle, formulated in 1920(Niels bohr,). This principle states that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers (Parker, 1983). In simpler terms, this principle is the idea that a new theory should be able to reproduce the results of older theories in the domains where those older theories work (Apply quantum principle, 1999). During the Nazi occupation of Denmark, Bohr being half Jewish, fled the country to escape persecution. He and his family left the country by fishing boat and went to Sweden. Bohr then traveled to England to discuss the invention of the atomic bomb. In 1943 he traveled to Los Alamos New Mexico to work on the Manhattan Project. He, along with other scientists, helped to develop the first atomic bomb. Because it had such a potential to cause catastrophic damage, Bohr viewed the bomb as a device that could unify nations. When the war was over, Bohr returned to Copenhagen and promoted the peaceful use of atomic weapons and energy. Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr gave back to the community by sharing his knowledge. In 1913 he held a lectureship in physics at Copenhagen University and did the same in 1914-1916 at Victoria University in Manchester. He was a professor of theoretical physics at Copenhagen University and from 1920 until his death; he was the head of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Along with educating future scientists, Bohr was President of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and the Danish Cancer Committee, Chairman of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission and a member of the Royal Society and the Royal Institution (Niels bohr, 1992). Throughout his lifetime, Bohr received many different awards for his work in a variety of disciplines. The most prestigious being the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his work on the atomic model. He also received the Hughes Medal in 1921, Matteucci Medal in 1923, Copley Medal in 1938, United States Atoms for Peace Award 1957 and the Sonning Prize 1961(Niels bohr,). Bohr had many other honors apart from theses medal and trophies. The institute of physics in Copenhagen was renamed the Niels Bohr Institute in his honor. On November 21st 1963 in Demark, the Bohr model semi centennial postage stamp was commemorated featuring Bohr, the hydrogen atom, and his formula for determining the difference in any two hydrogen energy levels. The atomic elements Bohrium and Hafnium were named for him along with asteroid 3948 Bohr. Towards the end of his life, Bohr began to show an interest in molecular biology. His final work, Light and Life, proposed an idea that life might not be reducible to atomic physics. It was unfinished and published after his death (Niels bohr,). Bohr passed away in Copenhagen on November 18th 1962 due to a stroke (Niels bohr, 1992). His work had an enormous impact on the scientific world of both his time and today. His extreme strides in developing the model of the atom led to the creation of an accurate model necessary for study in modern physics. His numerous formulas solved many existing problems and would lay the groundwork for future studies. If it were not for Bohrs passion and dedication to science many modern concepts would not exist today.

Blade Runner as a Classic Film Noir and a Science Fiction Film Essay

Blade Runner as a Classic Film Noir and a Science Fiction Film Blade Runner, a well known 80’s science-fiction film, begins in 2019, set in the industrial city of L.A., the scene lit only by the many neon lights and molten guisers. We draw in from a panoramic long shot to Deckard, ‘ex-cop, ex-killer, ex-blade-runner’, who is at the heart of this film. Blade Runner is, definitively, a science fiction film, but the traits of Film Noir are the bread and butter, bringing it the dark, desperate atmosphere that is the very beauty of the film. Ridley Scott plants shrapnels of Film Noir throughout, from the subtle (cigars), to the downright blatant (the washed-up cop of main man). The genre itself developed in the post-war era, thriving upon the depression that had settled upon the world, and the new technology. The latter meant that scenes could be filmed outside of a studio, and new effects could be created with lighting. However, though the new technology was there, the after-math of the war meant that this equipment was often quite rare, leading to the lower budget films opting for stark, shadowy sets rather than miss out on the technology. But this type of setting fitted perfectly into the style of Film Noir anyway, as the feeling of the genre was reflecting the current mood, which was far from happy. The war had left some blind, and everyone else with brand new eyes, people could no longer see everything at face value, or to put it bluntly, the value of face had slumped. The world after war was no place for the frilly and meaningless, and Hollywood, as the capital of frill, had to come up with something new, and refreshingly... ...th Deckard ‘why am I called back? Why am I doing this?’ and the replicants can ask, ‘why am I a replicant, why am I like this?’ The answer of course, the bitter sentiment of Film Noir, ‘for no reason at all.’ The viewer watches Blade Runner’s characters like fish in a tank, with pity because they are trapped, and with resignation, because they’ll never, really, get out. The fusion of Sci-Fi and Film Noir works perfectly in Blade Runner, using the past to paint a (dismal) picture of the future. The combination was one of the first of it’s kind, pulling two genres together to work in perfect unison. And this combination of Sci-Fi and Film Noir will continue to work because the future is unseen, and therefore to us, quite scary, and, as in typical Film Noir fashion, there’s always ‘something BAD out there†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢

Hip hop Essay -- Music, Rap, Hip Hop

Music has been around since the beginning of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we know just have many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. It's increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances has made it easy for Hip Hop to spread out globally. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices become fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world. Hip hop originated in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a joke between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, it's influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). Spoken word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic you... ...r societies. These artist have more heart felt words to speak and genuine creativity because when you are brought up in such poor societal conditions that is sometimes all you have to hold on to. Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in conventional ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many believe that globalization will be the end of individuality and creativity. This has been a theory that seems to fail when put up against Hip Hop globalization. Hip Hop Globalization has proven to hybridize communities and music,that in the end forms something that has never been seen before. Globalization may prove that instead of making the world â€Å"flat†, it will create new mountains and craters of creativity that were never imagined.

Conformity CourseworkIn this research Essay

Conformity Conformity is when a person alters their behaviour so that it is similar to that of other people. There are two motives for conformity (also known as majority social influence): Normative social influence: emulating the behaviour of others to fit into a group. People may conform if they want people to like them. Informational social influence: emulating the behaviour of others in an attempt to be right. Conformity Studies Muzafer Sherif used the auto kinetic effect (an optical illusion, in which a small point of light appears to move around when shone on a wall in a dark room) in his conformity study (this is an ambiguous stimulus). When the participants were asked individually how far they thought the light moved; the answers given varied greatly (from 2 to 25cm). Participants were then put into groups of three and gave an answer In front of the other two in a series of identical tests, each time the participants were asked the answers given converged into a group norm. Afterwards the participants were tested individually again and their answers stayed close to the group norm, when asked whether they were influenced by the estimates of others the participants said that they did not feel that they had altered their estimates to fit in with others at all. Solomon Asch criticised Sherif’s experiment citing that there was no definite answer, and wanted to find out how likely people were to conform when the answer was obvious. Asch’s conformity experiments were a series of studies that starkly demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. Asch used cards similar to those above in his research. Asch asked students to participate in a test of visual perception. In fact, all but one of the participants was a confederate of Asch, and the study was really about how the remaining student would react to the confederates’ behaviour. The participants asked to answer questions on the length of several lines drawn on a series of cards. They were questioned about the length of the lines. The confederates had been briefed to all give incorrect answers in the tests. 33% of participants conformed to the incorrect majority view (group norm) of the others in the room. When the confederates were not unanimous in their judgment, participants were much less likely to conform than when the confederates all agreed, even when the confederate gave an answer that was obviously wrong. A control group who were asked on their own with no other participants gave all the correct answers. Jenness asked students how many beans they thought were in a jar. He recorded their responses and then allowed the students to confer amongst themselves. The students were then asked again about the quantity of beans and Jenness found that the given estimates converged between the first and second answers into a group norm. These three studies appear to show the effects of informational social influence. Research Aims and Hypothesis Aims In this research I aim to discover if or how often people will conform to other (fake) answers when asked to estimate how many rubber bands (the ambiguous stimulus) are contained within a transparent plastic container in an opportunity study. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that people who are given a sheets with higher guesses on it will give higher estimates than the people who had the sheets with lower guesses on due to the effects of informational social influence. I think that the ambiguity of the task group for the participants will affect the degree with which they conform e. g. if I used ten grains of rice, conformity would be much lower than if I used one million, this would be difficult to prove, however. Since participants would be using their own judgement on a small quantity, answers would be close, but not due to conformity. Even if conformity was the cause, I would not be able to tell from asking the participants; in Sherif’s study participants did not feel influenced by other participants even though they did conform. I predict a higher mean for the group given the higher sheets, a lower mean for the group given the lower sheets and the mean for the controls to be in between the two. I predict that the range for the high and low groups will be about the same, but that control group will have a significantly larger range than either of them. Method Design My study is an experiment; I am using this type of research because I want to experience first hand what effect certain elements have on the results of the study. Because this is an experiment, there will several types of variables present (participant variables will also be present, but those are unavoidable). The independent variables in this study are the guesses written on the sheets before they are given to the participants. The dependant variables in this study are the guesses written on the sheets by the participants. Situational Variables To avoid other factors affecting my results I need to eliminate these situational variables as far as possible. Location Because I am using an opportunity sample, the location is likely to vary, therefore I will always ask people in a location with similar qualities. Distractions I will need to find a quiet area in order to prevent participants from being distracted. If participants are distracted, they may just put any answer down, without giving their answer as much consideration as they would in a quiet environment. Other people Other people may act as a distraction, or the participant may conform with them instead of the guesses on the sheet. Standardisation To succeed in eliminating the situational variables I need to standardise the experiment. 1 Give written instructions 2 Ask participants alone in a quiet room 3 Give participants a standard time looking at the container Participants I will use an opportunity sample in my study, this means that participants will be gained as and when I can find them, or when I have the opportunity to test them. I will use 30 participants, all students or lecturers (Lecturers and students in my psychology group were only used as controls) at Worcester College of Technology. Materials I will use: A pen A transparent container full of rubber bands 20 sheets (10 with high guesses on that will be given to the High group, and 10 with low guesses on that will be given to the Low group) The high sheets will have these numbers on: 700, 670, 800, 731, 950, 825. The low sheets will have these numbers on: 400, 470, 550, 342, 535, 380. Procedure 1. I will ask people that I see at college individually if they will guess how many rubber bands are in a container. 2. I will ask them to look at the rubber bands and then to write down an estimate of how many there are on a piece of paper. The control group will not be shown any other estimates. The piece of paper will have one of two groups of fake answers already written on it, although the participants will not be told this. One paper will have high answers written on it (given to the high group) and the other low answers (given to the low group). 3. Once I have collected my data I will present it in a graph/table. Ethical Considerations In this experiment consent will be gained from any participants, however, it is not fully informed consent, as the participants will not be told that this is a study into conformity and that the guesses that they see on the paper are not genuine, this is deception and therefore not ethical. This is unavoidable without explaining that this is an experiment into conformity, potentially altering their behaviour, therefore defeating the entire object of the study. To make my study as ethical as possible, I will fully inform participants of what I have done, and why I have done it once they have given their estimates in a process called debriefing. I will then ask their permission to use their data in my study, if that permission is refused, then their data will be omitted from the study.

Case Study †Operations Management Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION Operations management is defined as â€Å"the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver products and services† (Slack et al. 2010 p4). This encompasses the entire activity carried out within the organization. With increasing pressure on organizations to deliver optimally at reduced cost, the role of operations has been transformed from that of strategy implementer to one of strategy driver. Operations strategy looks at the patterns of strategic decisions and actions in a bid to set the roles, objectives and activities of the operations (Slack et al. 2010). An understanding of these strategies is important in ensuring that organizations are well aware of the requirements needed to meet the corporate objectives set about by management. The report looks at a case study of Concept design services (CDS); a product based manufacturing company looking to break into service operations. It seeks to identify current strategy types evidenced in the organization and the role operations play in the implementation of this strategies. Also considered is the relationship between the core functions highlighting possible conflicts, current practices and perceived strengths and weaknesses. Issues such as servitization and growth strategies are considered in relation to the companies push for development in line with its desire to become a service provider. An analysis of the impact it will have on the company’s manufacturing and service departments is also considered. Finally, recommendations that will ensure operations develop with the new growth plan is presented to management. 2.0 STRATEGIES IN CONCEPT DESIGN Within CDS, there is evidence of an amalgamation of strategies. With a diversification of the company’s portfolio, the corporate strategy of the organization had to be reflecting the changing scenario of the business environment. To identify the different strategy types within CDS, there is first a need to understand what strategy is. Strategy can be defined has â€Å"the total pattern of decisions and actions that  position the organization in its environment and that are intended to achieve its long-term goals† (Slack et al. 2010 P79). Strategy has also been described as the long term direction an organization intends to go (Johnson et al. 2011). In achieving an over arching strategy, three levels of strategies have to be considered; corporate level, business level and operational level. The formulation of these strategies will determine how the different organizational strategies will interact with one another (Zanon et al. 2013) While corporate level strategy deals with the overall purpose and scope of an organization such as where to locate the business, what type of business to engage in; business level strategy is more concerned with the various ways the business can compete successfully against other competitors in its segment. Functional strategy looks at ways in which individual functions can contribute to the overall objective of the organization. Operations strategy is concerned with the strategic decision and actions that set roles, objectives and activities of the operations (Slack et al. 2010). It focuses more on how the different parts of the organization can deliver on set strategies through the management of resources, processes and people. Operations strategy’s primary role is to implement strategy, but with continuous business growth, operations is expected to support and drive the organizations strategy. This will see it contributing to the competitive advantage of the firm (Slack et al. 2010). This is aptly captured in Hayes and wheelwrights four stage model of operations contribution. Figure 1. Hayes and Wheelwrights four-stage model of operations contribution. Adapted from Slack et al. 2010 Slack et al. (2010), identified four different perspective to operations strategy; Top-down, bottom up, market requirement perspective and resource based perspective. He noted though that all four perspectives are required for proper understanding of operations strategy. Although the strategies employed by organizations may differ, it remains important to reconcile the needs of the market with operational resources  (Slack and Lewis 2008). Hence, it is important to analyse the process through which market needs are aligned with operational realities, thereby ensuring that operation can deliver what it is being asked of them and that this alignment will endure over time (Zanon et al. 2013). Evidenced in CDS operations is the implementation of two of the identified perspectives; Market requirement and Operations resource perspective. 2.1MARKET REQUIREMENT PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS A market requirement perspective focuses on what market position requires of operations (Slack et al. 2010). Its focus is not just on the industry, but it considers where the organization intends to compete as well as the nature of competition ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ (Lowson 2002). Hill (1985), suggested that to win orders in the market place, organizations operations strategy and the marketing strategy need to be in sync. CDS Marketing function identified a trend that seems to have worked for retailers in the decorative product industry. They realised the importance of fashion trends and its appeal to people. This market requirement led to the creation of a whole new industry. The need for premium, high quality household product characterised by the many different colour range became a market qualifying criteria that drove marketing’s strategy. This strategy was in line with the overall organizations strategy that saw a shift in the focus of its production of industrial injection-mould plastics to popular household items. In a bid to meet markets demand, supply services had to upscale its machineries by procuring additional large injection moulding machines to cater for the rapidly growing volume of products. Also, the design team had to be one step ahead of the competition by ensuring that they had a range of products that will keep customers engaged. Hence, the case study has shown that CDS have been able to develop its operations strategy by allowing operations meet the performance criteria required by the market (Slack et al. 2004). 2.2OPERATIONS RESOURCE PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS In the case of operation resource perspective or resource based view (RBV),  focus is on the organizations operation resources, competencies and capabilities (Lowson 2002). It focuses on the key strengths of the organization, looking at internal resources that cannot be purchased externally, thus providing the firm with competitive advantage through superior performance (Clulow et al. 2007; Fahey and Smithee 1999; Barney 1991). With operations-led, strategy is developed through sound understanding of current operational capabilities and an analysis of how it can be developed in the future (Slack et al. 2004). An understanding of the organizations strength will then influence the decision as to which markets should be considered for the deployment of current or future capabilities, and which competitors can pose a threat or can be taken advantage of (Hayes et al. 2005). CDS have clearly shown the strength of their operations over the years. Early experience gained from the manufacturing of industrial products have set them miles ahead of competition. This is evidenced in the quality of their product which drove sales to record highs and resulted in retail outlets signing up for the organizations product. The company prides itself on its technical abilities which has been achieved not just from years of experience but by investing in machineries. CDS have acquired latest precision equipment’s with the best quality moulds available. The technical knowledge of the employees also provides the company a unique advantage. Another area of operations that provides competitive advantage for the organization is its design expertise. CDS have in its employ professionally respected designers with the know-how of translating difficult technical designs into manufacturable saleable products. This has provided the organization leverage when dealing with design houses. The company is clearly leveraging on its operations resources, competencies and capabilities to obtain competitive advantage. 3.0AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CORE FUNCTIONS Within the context of any organization, there are 3 functions that must exist for the organization to realize its goals of meeting customers need. They are; 1) The marketing function 2) The product/service development function 3) The operations function The marketing function which also comprises of the sales unit is primarily responsible for communicating what product/services the organization has to offer to consumers in a bid to generate customers’ requests for the service. The product development functions’ responsibility is to create new and modified products and services in order to generate future customer request for services. And lastly, the operations function is responsible for fulfilling customers request for service through the production and delivery of products and services (Slack et al. 2010). The ability to effectively work with other functions in the organization is a key responsibility for the operation function (Slack et al. 2010; Zanon et al. 2013). Research as shown that in most organizations, different functions within the organization usually employ their own strategies to assist them in realizing their functional objectives. This unfortunately is a basis for corporate misunderstanding, inter-functional differences and rivalry (Hill 2005).While the objective of the operations function remains the production of goods and services whilst managing resources, it has to also manage its relationship with other functions of the organization. Due to the nature of its strategic importance, the operations function usually has conflicts with other functions. MARKETING In determining an organizations strategic objective, operations and marketing usually adopt different approaches. While marketing tends to emphasise improved service features that appeal to customers, operations focus more on efficiency and cost control (Nie and Young 1997). Erickson (2010), stated that the main reason operations and marketing functions in an organization have conflict is due to their perceived differing objectives. Largely, trade-offs are responsible for the conflicts between these functions as they attempt to balance competing priorities (Tang 2010). It is therefore important that organizations manage trade-offs in a manner that will ensure that they don’t compromise the over-arching organizational strategy for gaining competitive advantage. Zanon et al. (2013) in their research identified certain paradigm that organizations needed to implement for the  successful collaboration of the two functions. They argued that there is a need for alignment between market needs and operational realities. The objective here is to satisfy market needs while using appropriate operational resources and jointly developing those resources so that the operations department can acquire new capabilities and provide the firm with sustainable competitive advantage. The marketing function at CDS have been able to effectively market/communicate the value of their products to the market, this is evidenced in the phenomenal growth of the company. Through innovation, extensive advertisement – both on TV and in illustrated magazines, they have been able to drive sales of CDS products. The function have successfully carved a niche market for the organization through the portrayal of its products has been â€Å"classy† and for the upwardly mobile individual. Product differentiation, design partnership and extensive research, combined with a marketing manager with lots of experience and autonomy working with an experienced, technically astute manufacturing department has resulted in the success of the CDS products. The function has also been able to market itself and the value it can give to design houses in Europe. Through its marketing activities, CDS is moving from being just a manufacturer of commodities to a provider of services. Despite the progress that have been recorded by CDS, there still seems to be a misalignment between the marketing and operation functions. With the success of CDS products and the continuous innovation drive of the organization, it would seem that the marketing function is failing to acknowledge the limitations of the company’s capacity. CDS have a problem with the storage of finished goods and this has impacted on the delivery of product availability from supply services. They are currently struggling to ensure that they meet SKU stocking levels. Another problem has been the issue of proper planning and effective forecasting by the marketing team. The seasonal nature of CDS products requires that the marketing function carries out comprehensive forecasting to try and anticipate demand. Currently, poor forecasting by the function is costing the organization. Supply services have to deal constantly with issues of utilization,  efficiency and growing scarp rates; this is as a result of ad-hoc requests for urgent production to meet with un-planned demand. To minimize wastage and ensure proper alignment, marketing and operations will have to network and collaborate better (Johansen and Riis 2005) to ensure that the over corporate objectives are met. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT (NPD) â€Å"NPD is defined as the transformation of a market opportunity into a product available for sale, through a set of activities executed in a logical way, sequentially and concurrently† (Almeida and Miguel 2007). It allows organizations to gain competitive advantage, attract new customers, retain existing customers, and strengthen their ties with the distribution networks (Kotler and Keller 2006). Organizations that successfully introduce new products do so through a well-developed process that leads from creative designs to a successful launch of the product by focusing on satisfying specific customer needs (Chandra and Neelankavil 2008). The attainment of this task will require NPD to collaborate closely with both operations and marketing. NPD, in comparison to other functions is usually characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, risk and high cost to make changes to initial decisions made (Slack et al. 2010). For CDS, NPD is responsible for transforming designs from marketing into workable design moulds. Operations then ensure that the products from the mould are standardized and tested appropriately and efficiently. The moulds then have to be tested on the production machines. A great deal of inter-functional collaboration is required to ensure that proper scheduling is in place to enable NDP carry out testing without disrupting production. Getting this right is easier said. The reality is that there is usually a delay in getting the moulds from the suppliers in South Korea. This will then result in a need for an urgent test of the moulds. That said, CDSs’ NPD function are technically sound. They have managed to build for themselves a reputation of being able to overcome problems with designs regardless of its nature. The NPD function contributes to the organizations unique operations resource. 4.0 AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE OPERATION OF THE  MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE DEPARTMENTS CDS like most manufacturing organizations are starting to appreciate the intrinsic value of adopting servitization as a practice. Servitization have been described as the process of transforming manufacturers to compete through product-service systems rather than products alone (Baines et al. 2007). The rationale for this transition from ‘purely product’ to ‘product- service’ or ‘purely service’ can be viewed from three perspectives (Oliva and Kallenberg 2003). They identified the reasons as; First, economic. Research has shown that substantial revenue can be generated from products with a long life cycle; also services in general have higher margins than products and services also provides a more stable source of revenue as they are resistant to the economic cycles that drive investment and equipment purchases. Secondly, there is pressure on organizations from customers demanding more services. This has led to firms adopting a narrow definition of core competencies while increasing their dependence on technology to help in their bid to specialize. Lastly, it is viewed as providing competitive advantage. The less visible a service is, and the more labour dependent it gets, the more the probability of imitation reduces (Oliva and Kallenberg 2003). Manufacturing has long moved beyond production alone and a combination of both products and service business model are now generally accepted as playing a key role in the success of any modern business (Baines et al. 2014). Companies that have adopted the concept of servitization will probably not follow the product-service classification, but will instead seek to distinguish on the basis of the value proposition with their customers (Baines and Lightfoot 2013). This is the case in CDS, where the company have had to adopt differing service model while dealing with the design houses and retailer service market. While the design houses have adopted a proposition that sees both companies working together – that is the customer wants the company to work with them (Baines et al. 2014), the retailers on the other hand, are happy to leave the management of the entire operation to CDS. Baines et al. (2014) have identified this differing forms of proposition has been ‘base’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘advanced services’. The relationship between the retailer services market and CDS can be classified as advanced. This categorization of product-service offering is centred on  the idea that due to the competencies of the company, maintenance and workability of the operations should be managed by the provider of the service. A feature of this type of offering includes customer support agreements, risk and reward sharing contract, and revenue through use contact (Baines and Lightfoot 2013). To meet with demand, and ensure that customer’s needs are met in terms of product availability, CDS will have to increase its production lines and increase holding capacity. Storage facilities will have to be located closer to the location of their customers. Localised facilities will ensure that store replenishment lead times are reduced. CDS will also have to invest in ICT. Setting up an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system will help connect the stores database with that of CDS. That way, they can easily track inventory levels and are able to respond in a proactive manner. Also, Oliva and Kallenberg (2003) argued that a good practice will be to set up a new service department whose focus will be to drive and improve performance objectives. The consolidation of the service offered is usually accompanied by a strong initiative to improve the efficiency, quality and delivery time of the services provided, and the creation of additional services to supplement the service offering. The consolidation of services also comes with the development of a monitoring system to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the service delivery. This monitoring system allows managers realize the size of the service market and account for services’ contribution to the firm’s operations (Oliva and Kallenberg 2003). Internally, these changes create the transparency of numbers needed to get a clear sense of direction and to monitor the success or failure of executed changes (Oliva and Kallenberg 2003). Externally, the improvement of quality will establish CDS as a reputable service provider among its clients. CDS has seen steady and continuous growth over the years, albeit its focus had been centred on a single product type. With the recent direction of the organization, there are real concerns surrounding it rapid growth and its diversification into services. Southard and Swenseth (2003) identified certain issues that evolving organizations encounter due to rapid growth, they include bottle-necks, back-orders, and decreased profits despite increased sales. Some of these issues are evidenced in CDS. The rapid growth  of the organization has resulted in capacity related issues. There is one in every twelve chances of a product not being available, continuous scheduling disruption due to demand surpassing supply and the popularity of its product and wide acceptance usually leads to stock outs. The manufacturing function seems to be stretched to the limit with support services equally struggling. It would seem that the organization is currently unprepared for the changes. 5.0RECOMMENDATION TO MANAGEMENT In line with the company’s objective for growth, it has become imperative to address the operational issues that can hinder the organizations growth strategy. Using the product/service lifecycle to analyse the organizations current operations, it is obvious that the transition from being a purely product based manufacturing company to a product-service based organization is still in the infancy state. This is characterised by uncertainty as customer’s needs are not well understood. Hence, operations management will be required to develop flexibility to cope with any changes and be able to give the product/service performance that will ensure quality is maintained (Slack et al. 2010). Other issues to be considered by management includes; the issue of capacity management. To meet with the demand of the market and its growth strategy, CDS will be required to get more warehouses and hold more inventories. The plastic business is clearly one of volume; hence CDS has to ensure that it maintains its status of been a reliable supplier. It also has to effectively operationalize it marketing strategy. The company is currently plagued by poor forecasting and planning. There is a need to upscale the competencies of the sales representatives. This will enable them gather appropriate data that can then be fed into the organizations planning to help reduce scheduling related issues, stock outs and disruptions. Also required is an alignment between the strategies of the core functions. Regular business meetings, where issues relating to each function get tabled will help build better understanding among the different functions. REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY ALMEIDA, L.F. and MIGUEL, P., 2007. 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